Hypoxia cycle in shallow lakes during winter (ice-covered to melting period): Stable and decay, hypoxia, and recovery phases.

This study investigates hypoxic processes beneath lake ice and explores the interactions between water environmental factors and dissolved oxygen (DO) during winter, aiming to systematically assess the influence of winter climate changes on lake ecosystems through environmental variables (physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water). A complete hypoxic cycle in a high-altitude shallow lake was recorded using high-frequency monitoring technology, and based on a predetermined hypoxic threshold (DO<2 mg/L), it was divided into three phases: stable and decay phase, hypoxic phase, and recovery phase. Significant trend changes of environmental variables under different levels of DO were analyzed for each phase using the Mann-Kendall non-parametric test. On the basis of evaluating the overall trend of the time series, a GAM multi-factor optimization model integrating interactive effects was constructed to explore the response mechanism of environmental variables to hypoxic processes. The optimized model showed excellent explanatory performance with R

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