Cesarean birth is associated with lower motor and language development scores during early childhood: a longitudinal analysis of two cohorts.
Cesarean Section
Early Childhood
Longitudinal analysis
Neurodevelopmental outcomes
Journal
Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
Titre abrégé: Sci Rep
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101563288
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
08 10 2024
08 10 2024
Historique:
received:
18
06
2024
accepted:
23
09
2024
medline:
9
10
2024
pubmed:
9
10
2024
entrez:
8
10
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
With global C-section rates rising, understanding potential consequences is imperative. Previous studies suggested links between birth mode and psychological outcomes. This study evaluates the association of birth mode and neurodevelopment in young children across two prospective cohorts, using repeated psychometric assessments. Data from the ELEMENT (Early Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants) and PROGRESS (Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, and Environment and Social Stress) cohorts, comprising 7158 and 2202 observations of 1402 children aged 2 to 36 months, and 726 children aged 5 to 27 months, respectively, were analyzed. Exclusion criteria for the cohorts were maternal diseases such as preeclampsia, renal or heart disease, gestational diabetes, and epilepsy. Neurodevelopment was gauged via Bayley's Scales of Infant Development: 2nd edition for ELEMENT and 3rd edition for PROGRESS. Mixed-effects models longitudinally estimated associations between birth mode and neurodevelopment scores, adjusting for cofounders. In ELEMENT, psychomotor development composite scores were significantly affected by birth mode from ages 2 to 8 months; the largest estimate within this range was at 2 months (β =-1.93; 95% CI: [-3.64, -0.22], reference: vaginal delivery). For PROGRESS, a negative association was found with motor development composite scores over all the studied age range (β=-1.91; 95% CI: [-3.01, -0.81]). The association was stronger between ages 6 to 18 months, with the strongest estimate at 11 months (β=-2.58; 95% CI: [-4.37, -0.74]). A negative impact of C-section on language scores in girls was estimated for the PROGRESS cohort (β=-1.92; 95% CI: [-3.57, -0.27]), most marked in ages 22 to 25 months (largest β at 24.5 months=-3.04; 95% CI: [-5.79, -0.30]). Children born by C-section showed lower motor and language development scores during specific age windows in the first three years of life. Further research is necessary to understand the complexities and implications of these findings.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39379499
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-73914-7
pii: 10.1038/s41598-024-73914-7
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
23438Subventions
Organisme : NIEHS NIH HHS
ID : R01 ES007821
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIEHS NIH HHS
ID : R01 ES014930
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIEHS NIH HHS
ID : R01 ES007821
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Betran, A. P., Torloni, M. R., Zhang, J. J. & Gülmezoglu, A. M. WHO Statement on Caesarean Section Rates Vol. 123 (BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2016).
Stephenson, J. Rate of First-time cesarean deliveries on the rise in the US. JAMA Health Forum. 3(7), e222824 (2022).
doi: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2022.2824
pubmed: 36219002
Betran, A. P., Ye, J., Moller, A. B., Souza, J. P. & Zhang, J. Trends and projections of caesarean section rates: global and regional estimates. BMJ Glob Health 6(6) (2021).
2022 [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 May 1]. Subsistema de Informacion de Nacimientos de la la Secretaría de Salud de México. http://www.dgis.salud.gob.mx/contenidos/sinais/s_sinac.html
Kelmanson, I. A. Emotional and behavioural features of preschool children born by caesarean deliveries at maternal request. Eur. J. Dev. Psychol. 10(6), 676–690 (2013).
doi: 10.1080/17405629.2013.787024
Sandall, J. et al. Short-term and long-term effects of caesarean section on the health of women and children. Lancet 392(10155), 1349–1357 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31930-5
pubmed: 30322585
Zaigham, M., Hellström-Westas, L., Domellöf, M. & Andersson, O. Prelabour caesarean section and neurodevelopmental outcome at 4 and 12 months of age: an observational study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 20(1), 564 (2020).
doi: 10.1186/s12884-020-03253-8
pubmed: 32977763
pmcid: 7517619
Grisbrook, M. A. et al. Associations among caesarean section Birth, post-traumatic stress, and Postpartum Depression symptoms. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 19(8), 4900 (2022).
doi: 10.3390/ijerph19084900
pubmed: 35457767
pmcid: 9025262
Kershenobich, D. Lactancia materna en México. Salud Publica Mex. 59(3, may-jun), 346 (2017).
doi: 10.21149/8800
Polidano, C., Zhu, A. & Bornstein, J. C. The relation between cesarean birth and child cognitive development. Sci. Rep.7(1) (2017).
Curran, E. A. et al. Research Review: birth by caesarean section and development of autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry; 56(5). (2015).
Cusick, S., Georgieff, M. K. & UNICEF. [cited 2023 May 4]. The first 1,000 days of life: The brain’s window of opportunity. (2013). https://www.unicef-irc.org/article/958-the-first-1000-days-of-life-the-brains-window-of-opportunity.html#:~:text=The%20first%201%2C000%20days%20of%20life%20%2D%20the%20time%20spanning%20roughly,across%20the%20lifespan%20are%20established
Perng, W. et al. Early life exposure in Mexico to ENvironmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) project. BMJ Open 9(8) (2019).
Braun, J. M. et al. Relationships between lead biomarkers and diurnal salivary cortisol indices in pregnant women from Mexico City: a cross-sectional study. Environ. Health 13(1) (2014).
Bayley, N. Bayley Scale of Infants Development (Psychological Corporation, 1993).
Bayley, N. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development 3rd edn (Harcourt Assessment Inc, 2006).
Luttikhuizen dos Santos, E. S., de Kieviet, J. F., Königs, M., van Elburg, R. M. & Oosterlaan, J. Predictive value of the Bayley scales of Infant Development on development of very preterm/very low birth weight children: A meta-analysis. Early Hum. Dev. 89(7), 487–496 (2013).
doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.03.008
pubmed: 23597678
Ryan, J. J. & Lopez, S. J. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III. In: Understanding Psychological Assessment 19–42. (Springer US, 2001).
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1185-4_2
Carrasco, A. V. The AMAI System of Classifying Households by socio-economic Level (ESOMAR. Health & Environmental Research Online (HERO), 2002).
López-Romo, H. Actualización regla amai nse 8× 7. In: Congreso AMAI; Mexico (2011).
Bradley, R. H. HOME Inventory. In: The Cambridge Handbook of Environment in Human Development, 568–589 (Cambridge University Press, 2012).
Nelson, C. A., Bhutta, Z. A., Burke Harris, N., Danese, A. & Samara, M. Adversity in childhood is linked to mental and physical health throughout life. BMJ m3048 (2020).
Gur, T. L., Worly, B. L. & Bailey, M. T. Stress and the commensal microbiota: Importance in parturition and infant neurodevelopment. Front. Psychiatry 6 (2015).
Dinan, T. G. & Cryan, J. F. Regulation of the stress response by the gut microbiota: Implications for psychoneuroendocrinology. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37 (2012).
Cho, C. E. & Norman, M. Cesarean section and development of the immune system in the offspring. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 208(4), 249–254 (2013).
doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.08.009
pubmed: 22939691
Zhang, C. et al. The effects of Delivery Mode on the gut microbiota and health: State of art. Front. Microbiol. 12 (2021).
Sherwin, E., Sandhu, K. V., Dinan, T. G. & Cryan, J. F. May the force be with you: the light and dark sides of the microbiota–gut–brain Axis in Neuropsychiatry. CNS Drugs 30(11) (2016).
Rhee, S. H., Pothoulakis, C. & Mayer, E. A. Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis. Nat. Reviews Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6 (2009).
Cryan, J. F. & Dinan, T. G. Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13 (2012).
Buss, C., Davis, E. P., Hobel, C. J. & Sandman, C. A. Maternal pregnancy-specific anxiety is associated with child executive function at 69 years age. Stress 14(6) (2011).
Foster, J. A. & McVey Neufeld, K. A. Gut-brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. Trends Neurosci. 36 (2013).
Cryan, J. F. & O’Mahony, S. M. The microbiome-gut-brain axis: from bowel to behavior. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 23(3) (2011).
S, T. R. S.K. M. Control of brain development, function, and behavior by the microbiome. Cell. Host Microbe 17(5) (2015).
Dinan, T. G. & Cryan, J. F. Gut instincts: microbiota as a key regulator of brain development, ageing and neurodegeneration. J. Physiol. 595(2) (2017).
Sudo, N. et al. Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system for stress response in mice. J. Physiol. 558(1) (2004).
Halverson, T. & Alagiakrishnan, K. Gut Microbes in Neurocognitive and Mental Health Disorders Vol. 52 (Annals of Medicine, 2020).
Moore, E. R., Bergman, N., Anderson, G. C. & Medley, N. Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Cochrane Database Systematic Rev. 2016 (2016).
Feldman, R., Rosenthal, Z. & Eidelman, A. I. Maternal-preterm skin-to-skin contact enhances child physiologic organization and cognitive control across the first 10 years of life. Biol. Psychiatry 75(1) (2014).
Belfort, M. B. et al. Infant feeding and childhood cognition at ages 3 and 7 years: effects of breastfeeding duration and exclusivity. JAMA Pediatr. 167(9) (2013).
Prior, E. et al. Breastfeeding after cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of world literature. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 95(5) (2012).
Iverson, J. M. Developing language in a developing body: the relationship between motor development and language development. J. Child. Lang. 37(2) (2010).
Martinez, L. D., Glynn, L. M., Sandman, C. A., Wing, D. A. & Davis, E. P. Cesarean delivery and infant cortisol regulation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 122 (2020).
Davis, E. P. & Sandman, C. A. The timing of prenatal exposure to maternal cortisol and psychosocial stress is associated with human infant cognitive development. Child. Dev. 81(1) (2010).
Gellner, A. K. et al. Stress vulnerability shapes disruption of motor cortical neuroplasticity. Transl Psychiatry 12(1) (2022).
Bornstein, M. H. & Bradley, R. H. in Socioeconomic Status, Parenting, and Child Development. (eds Bornstein, M. H. & Bradley, R. H.) (Routledge, 2014).
Bornstein, M. H., Hahn, C. S. & Suwalsky, J. T. D. Physically developed and Exploratory Young Infants Contribute to their own long-term academic achievement. Psychol. Sci.; 24(10). (2013).
Belsky, J. & Pluess, M. Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to Environmental influences. Psychol. Bull. ;135(6). (2009).
Tucker-Drob, E. M. & Harden, K. P. Early childhood cognitive development and parental cognitive stimulation: evidence for reciprocal gene-environment transactions. Dev. Sci.; 15(2). (2012).
Linsell, L. et al. Cognitive trajectories from infancy to early adulthood following birth before 26 weeks of gestation: a prospective, population-based cohort study. Arch. Dis. Child.; 103(4). (2018).
Huttenlocher, J., Haight, W., Bryk, A., Seltzer, M. & Lyons, T. Early Vocabulary Growth: relation to Language input and gender. Dev. Psychol. ;27(2). (1991).
Lenroot, R. K. & Giedd, J. N. Sex differences in the adolescent brain. Vol. 72, Brain and Cognition. (2010).
Jašarević, E., Howerton, C. L., Howard, C. D. & Bale, T. L. Alterations in the vaginal microbiome by maternal stress are associated with metabolic reprogramming of the offspring gut and brain. Endocrinology (United States) 156(9) (2015).
Doyle, O., Harmon, C. P., Heckman, J. J. & Tremblay, R. E. Investing in early human development: timing and economic efficiency. Econ. Hum. Biol. 7(1), 1–6 (2009).
doi: 10.1016/j.ehb.2009.01.002
pubmed: 19213617
pmcid: 2929559
Fitzmaurice, G., Laird, N. & Ware, J. Longitudinal and clustered data. In Applied Longitudinal Analysis p. xxvii–18 (2011).
Fitzmaurice, G. M., Laird, N. M. & Ware, J. H. Applied Longitudinal Analysis (Wiley, 2011).
Aylward, G. P. & Stancin T. Screening and assessment tools. In Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics 123–201. (Elsevier, 2005).