"When you live in a colony… every act counts": Exploring engagement in and perceptions of diverse anti-colonial resistance strategies in Puerto Rico.
Puerto Rico
collective action
colonialism
coloniality
cultural resistance
everyday resistance
oppression
prefigurative politics
resistance
Journal
The British journal of social psychology
ISSN: 2044-8309
Titre abrégé: Br J Soc Psychol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 8105534
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
09 Oct 2024
09 Oct 2024
Historique:
received:
06
10
2023
accepted:
20
09
2024
medline:
9
10
2024
pubmed:
9
10
2024
entrez:
9
10
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
While social psychology has contributed much to our understanding of collective action, other forms of resistance are understudied. However, in contexts of long-standing oppression-such as ongoing colonialism-and past repression of liberation struggles, other resistance strategies are important considering the constraints on overt, collective action in such contexts. This paper reports findings from an interview study in Puerto Rico (N = 22) exploring anti-colonial resistance. We analysed participants' own resistance, future preferred strategies, and descriptive norms of other ingroup members' resistance. Through thematic analysis, we identified six distinct forms of anti-colonial resistance. Notably, none of the participants reported participating in collective action. Instead, participants engaged in different forms of symbolic everyday resistance to preserve a positive, distinct cultural identity, and raise critical consciousness of the group's oppression. Additionally, more tangible resistance strategies included staying on the land and building independent economies. Overall, this study illustrates the importance of considering a more comprehensive set of resistance strategies in contexts of long-standing colonial oppression to recognize oppressed groups' agency and provide a better understanding of how people undermine destructive power.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Subventions
Organisme : Psi Chi
Informations de copyright
© 2024 The Author(s). British Journal of Social Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Psychological Society.
Références
Ademolu, E. (2023). Birds of a feather (don't always) flock together: Critical reflexivity of ‘Outsiderness’ as an ‘insider’ doing qualitative research with one's ‘own people’. Qualitative Research, 24, 344–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687941221149596
Alejandrez, K., & Liberato, A. S. (2022). The enchantment of language resistance in Puerto Rico. In J. Cobas, B. Urciuoli, J. Feagin, & D. Delgado (Eds.), The Spanish language in the United States (pp. 131–144). Routledge.
Atiles‐Osoria, J. (2016). Colonial state terror in Puerto Rico: A research agenda. State Crime Journal, 5(2), 220–241.
Awad, S. H., & Wagoner, B. (2020). Protest symbols. Current Opinion in Psychology, 35, 98–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.03.007
Awartani, S. (2017). In solidarity: Palestine in the Puerto Rican political imaginary. Radical History Review, 2017(128), 199–222.
Ayanian, A. H., Tausch, N., Acar, Y. G., Chayinska, M., Cheung, W.‐Y., & Lukyanova, Y. (2021). Resistance in repressive contexts: A comprehensive test of psychological predictors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120(4), 912–939. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000285
Badaan, V., Akil, C., Zebian, Y., & Jost, J. T. (2022). Envisioning change: An empirical test of the social psychological model of utopian thinking and collective action. Journal of Social Psychology Research, 1(1), 77–96. https://doi.org/10.37256/jspr.1120221140
Becker, J. C. (2012). The system‐stabilizing role of identity management strategies: Social creativity can undermine collective action for social change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(4), 647–662. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029240
Boggs, C. (1977). Marxism, prefigurative communism, and the problem of workers' control. Radical America, 11(6), 99–122.
Bonilla, Y. (2020). The coloniality of disaster: Race, empire, and the temporal logics of emergency in Puerto Rico, USA. Political Geography, 78, 102181.
Bou Zeineddine, F., Saab, R., Lášticová, B., Kende, A., & Ayanian, A. H. (2022). “Some uninteresting data from a faraway country”: Inequity and coloniality in international social psychological publications. Journal of Social Issues, 78(2), 320–345.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2022). Thematic analysis: A practice guide. SAGE Publications Ltd.
Brusi, R., & Godreau, I. P. (2019). Dismantling public education in Puerto Rico. In Y. Bonilla & M. LeBrón (Eds.), Aftershocks of disaster: Puerto Rico before and after the storm (pp. 234–249). Haymarket.
Bulhan, H. A. (2015). Stages of colonialism in Africa: From occupation of land to occupation of being. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 3(1), 239–256. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v3i1.143
Capielo Rosario, C., Mattwig, T., Hamilton, K. D., & Wejrowski, B. (2023). Conceptualizing Puerto Rican migration to the United States. Current Opinion in Psychology, 51, 101584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101584
Capielo Rosario, C., Schaefer, A., Ballesteros, J., Rentería, R., & David, E. J. R. (2019). A caballo regalao no se le mira el colmillo: Colonial mentality and Puerto Rican depression. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(4), 396–408. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000347
Cialdini, R. B., & Goldstein, N. J. (2004). Social influence: Compliance and conformity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 591–621. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142015
Cornish, F., Haaken, J., Moskovitz, L., & Jackson, S. (2016). Rethinking prefigurative politics: Introduction to the special thematic section. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 4(1), 114–127. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v4i1.640
David, E. J. R. (Ed.). (2014). Internalized oppression: The psychology of marginalized groups. Springer Publishing Company.
David, E. J. R., & Okazaki, S. (2006). Colonial mentality: A review and recommendation for Filipino American psychology. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099‐9809.12.1.1
de Kleijn, R., & van Leeuwen, A. (2018). Reflections and review on the audit procedure: Guidelines for more transparency. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 17(1), 160940691876321. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406918763214
Dobai, A., & Hopkins, N. (2020). Humour is serious: Minority group member' use of humour in their encounters with majority group members. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(2), 448–462. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2612
Duncombe, S. (2002). Cultural resistance reader. Verso.
Duncombe, S. (2007). Cultural resistance. In G. Ritzer, J. Ryan, & B. Thorn (Eds.), The Blackwell encyclopedia of sociology (pp. 911–913). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosc178
Dutt, A. (2018). Civic participation, prefigurative politics, and feminist organizing in rural Nicaragua. In S. Grabe (Ed.), Women's human rights: A social psychological perspective on resistance, liberation, and justice (pp. 151–177). Oxford University Press.
Font‐Guzmán, J. (2013). Confronting a colonial legacy: Asserting Puerto Rican identity by legally renouncing US citizenship. Centro Journal, 25(1), 22–49.
Fortuño Bernier, F. J. (2017). Cerrar para abrir: Puerto Rican student struggles and the crisis of colonial‐capitalism. Viewpoint Magazine. https://viewpointmag.com/2017/04/27/cerrar‐para‐abrir‐puerto‐rican‐student‐struggles‐and‐the‐crisis‐of‐colonial‐capitalism/
Freel, S. H., & Bilali, R. (2022). Putting the past into action: How historical narratives shape participation in collective action. European Journal of Social Psychology, 52(1), 204–222. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2813
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Continuum.
Godreau, I., & Bonilla, Y. (2021). Nonsovereign racecraft: How colonialism, debt, and disaster are transforming Puerto Rican racial subjectivities. American Anthropologist, 123(3), 509–525.
Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the prison notebooks (Q. Hoare & G. N. Smith, Trans.). Lawrence and Wishart.
Hammad, J., & Tribe, R. (2021). Culturally informed resilience in conflict settings: A literature review of Sumud in the occupied Palestinian territories. International Review of Psychiatry, 33(1–2), 132–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2020.1741259
Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. D. (2012). When prisoners take over the prison: A social psychology of resistance. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(2), 154–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311419864
Henríquez, C. (2019). Puerto Rico protesters got creative: Dancing, singing, diving…. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/24/us/puerto‐rico‐governor‐ricky‐renuncia.html
Hollander, J. A., & Einwohner, R. L. (2004). Conceptualizing resistance. Sociological Forum, 19, 533–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11206‐004‐0694‐5
Johansson, A., & Vinthagen, S. (2019). Conceptualizing ‘everyday resistance’: A transdisciplinary approach. Routledge.
Kelley, R. D. G. (1993). “We are not what we seem”: Rethinking black working‐class opposition in the Jim crow south. The Journal of American History, 80(1), 75–112.
Leach, C. W., & Livingstone, A. G. (2015). Contesting the meaning of intergroup disadvantage: Towards a psychology of resistance. Journal of Social Issues, 71(3), 614–632. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12131
Livingstone, A. G., Spears, R., Manstead, A. S. R., Makanju, D., & Sweetman, J. (2024). Dilemmas of resistance: How concerns for cultural aspects of identity shape and constrain resistance among minority groups. European Review of Social Psychology, 35(1), 45–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2023.2176663
Maldonado‐Torres, N. (2007). On the coloniality of being: Contributions to the development of a concept. Cultural Studies, 21, 240–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380601162548
Marqués, R. (1977). El puertorriqueño docil y otros ensayos, 1953–1971 (3ª ed.). Editorial Antillana.
Martín‐Baró, I. (1994). Writings for a liberation psychology. Harvard University Press.
Meléndez‐Badillo, J. A. (2019). Mateo and Juana: Racial silencing, epistemic violence, and counterarchives in Puerto Rican labor history. International Labor and Working‐Class History, 96, 103–121.
Meléndez‐Badillo, J. A. (2024). Puerto Rico: A national history. Princeton University Press.
Memmi, A. (1965). The colonizer and the colonized. Beacon Press.
Miranda Gierbolini, D. S., Rodríguez Romero, A., & López Quiñones, A. (2022). Subjetivaciones en caminos a la decolonialidad: Lecciones desde organizaciones de base comunitarias en Puerto Rico. In J. Morales‐Cruz, I. Serrano‐García, K. Baerga‐Santini, I. Sánchez‐Cardona, & M. Figueroa Rodríguez (Eds.), Psicología en Puerto Rico: Desafíos contextuales para la acción (pp. 13–22). Asociación de Psicología de Puerto Rico.
Montijo, J. A. (1988). Psicología de la docilidad y psicología de la liberación: Reflexiones sobre René Marqués, Frantz Fanon y Hussein A. Bulhan. Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 5(1), 53–64.
Mosley, D. V., Neville, H. A., Chavez‐Dueñas, N. Y., Adames, H. Y., Lewis, J. A., & French, B. H. (2020). Radical hope in revolting times: Proposing a culturally relevant psychological framework. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 14(1), e12512. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12512
Orazani, N., & Teymoori, A. (2023). The manifold faces of political resistance: The woman, life, freedom movement. In F. Bou Zeineddine & J. R. Vollhardt (Eds.), Resistance to repression and violence: Global psychological perspectives. Oxford University Press.
Orazani, N., & Teymoori, A. (2024). The manifold faces of political resistance: The woman, life, freedom movement. In F. B. Zeineddine & J. R. Vollhardt (Eds.), Resistance to Repression and Violence (pp. 137–156). Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780197687703.003.0007
Ortiz Torres, B. (2020). Decoloniality and community‐psychology practice in Puerto Rico: Autonomous organising (autogestión) and self‐determination. International Review of Psychiatry, 32(4), 359–364.
Pausada, A. (1999). The singularly strange story of the English language in Puerto Rico. Milenio, 3, 33–60.
Pedreira, A. S. (1979). Insularismo. Edil.
Penić, S., Vollhardt, J. R., Donnay, K., Albzour, M., & Bhavnani, R. (2024). The geography of military occupation and its effect on Palestinian community cohesion, norms, and resistance motivation. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 30(1), 94–106. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000684
Pérez Pintado, A. (2019). Mujeres llevan performance de “Un violador en tu camino” al Capitolio y la Fortaleza. El Nuevo Día. https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/notas/mujeres‐llevan‐performance‐de‐un‐violador‐en‐tu‐camino‐al‐capitolio‐y‐la‐fortaleza/
Poitevin, R. F. (2000). Political surveillance, state repression, and class resistance: The Puerto Rican experience. Social Justice, 27(3), 89–100.
Quijano, A. (2000). Coloniality of power, Eurocentrism and Latin America. Nepantla, 1(3), 533–580.
Quijano, A. (2007). Coloniality and modernity/rationality. Cultural Studies, 21(2–3), 168–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380601164353
Rad, M. S., Martingano, A. J., & Ginges, J. (2018). Toward a psychology of Homo sapiens: Making psychological science more representative of the human population. PNAS, 115(45), 11401–11405. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721165115
Reicher, S., Cassidy, C., Wolpert, I., Hopkins, N., & Levine, M. (2006). Saving Bulgaria's Jews: An analysis of social identity and the mobilisation of social solidarity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36(1), 49–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.291
Rios Mace, S. (2024). Where pa'lante meets summed: Puerto Ricans organize in solidarity with Palestine. Mondoweiss. https://mondoweiss.net/2024/04/where‐palante‐meets‐sumud‐puerto‐ricans‐organize‐in‐solidarity‐with‐palestine/
Rivera Pichardo, E. J., Jost, J. T., & Benet‐Martínez, V. (2022). Internalization of inferiority and colonial system justification: The case of Puerto Rico. Journal of Social Issues, 78(1), 79–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12437
Robles, F. (2017). Puerto Rico's university is paralyzed by protests and facing huge cuts. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/25/us/puerto‐ricos‐university‐is‐paralyzed‐by‐protests‐and‐facing‐huge‐cuts.html
Rosa, A. (2016). Student activists' affective strategies during the 2010–2011 siege of the University of Puerto Rico. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 36(11/12), 824–842.
Rosales, C., & Langhout, R. D. (2020). Just because we don't see it, doesn't mean it's not there: Everyday resistance in psychology. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 14(1), e12508. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12508
Saavedra, P., & Drury, J. (2019). Including political context in the psychological analysis of collective action: Development and validation of a measurement scale for subjective political openness. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 7(2), 665–694.
Santiago‐Torres, M., Román‐Meléndez, E. M., Rodriguez‐Ayuso, I. R., & Ríos‐Vázquez, Z. (2019). Seguridad alimentaria en Puerto Rico. Instituto de Estadísticas de Puerto Rico. https://estadisticas.pr/
Schils, N. (2011). Puerto Ricans force United States navy out of Vieques Island, 1999–2003. Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/puerto‐ricans‐force‐united‐states‐navy‐out‐vieques‐island‐1999‐2003
Scott, J. C. (1985). Weapons of the weak: Everyday forms of peasant resistance. Yale University Press.
Serrano‐García, I. (2020). Resilience, coloniality, and sovereign acts: The role of community activism. American Journal of Community Psychology, 65(1–2), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12415
Silén, J. A. (1971). We, the Puerto Rican people: A story of oppression and resistance. NYU Press.
Spade, D. (2020). Mutual aid: Building solidarity during this crisis (and the next). Verso Books.
Stewart, A. L. (2017). Men's collective action willingness: Testing different theoretical models of protesting gender inequality for women and men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 18(4), 372–381.
Suyemoto, K. L., Abdullah, T., Godon‐Decoteau, D., Tahirkheli, N. N., Arbid, N., & Frye, A. A. (2022). Development of the resistance and empowerment against racism (REAR) scale. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 28(1), 58–71. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000353
Sweetman, J., Leach, C. W., Spears, R., Pratto, F., & Saab, R. (2013). ‘I have a dream’: A typology of social change goals. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 1(1), 293–320. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v1i1.85
Sweetman, J., Maio, G. R., Spears, R., Manstead, A. S. R., & Livingstone, A. G. (2019). Attitude toward protest uniquely predicts (normative and nonnormative) political action by (advantaged and disadvantaged) group members. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 82, 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.01.001
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup conflict. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Nelson‐Hall.
Thomas, E. F., Duncan, L., McGarty, C., Louis, W. R., & Smith, L. G. (2022). MOBILISE: A higher‐order integration of collective action research to address global challenges. Political Psychology, 43, 107–164.
Uluğ, Ö. M., Chayinska, M., & Tropp, L. R. (2022). Conceptual, methodological, and contextual challenges in studying collective action: Recommendations for future research. TPM: Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 29(1), 9–22.
Ünal, H., & Coşkan, C. (2023). The Kurdish struggle: Multiple ways of resisting in a historically oppressive context. In F. Bou Zeineddine & J. R. Vollhardt (Eds.), Resistance to repression and violence: Global psychological perspectives. Oxford University Press.
Valentín Ortiz, L. J., & Minet, C. (2019). The 889 pages of the telegram chat between Rosselló Nevares and his closest aides. Centro de Periodismo Investigativo. https://periodismoinvestigativo.com/2019/07/the‐889‐pages‐of‐the‐telegram‐chat‐between‐rossello‐nevares‐and‐his‐closest‐aides/
van Zomeren, M., Kutlaca, M., & Turner‐Zwinkels, F. (2018). Integrating who “we” are with what “we”(will not) stand for: A further extension of the social identity model of collective action. European Review of Social Psychology, 29(1), 122–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2018.1479347
van Zomeren, M., Leach, C. W., & Spears, R. (2012). Protesters as “passionate economists” a dynamic dual pathway model of approach coping with collective disadvantage. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(2), 180–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311430835
Van Zomeren, M., Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (2008). Toward an integrative social identity model of collective action: A quantitative research synthesis of three socio‐psychological perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 134(4), 504–535. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033‐2909.134.4.504
Van Zomeren, M., Spears, R., Fischer, A. H., & Leach, C. W. (2004). Put your money where your mouth is! Explaining collective action tendencies through group‐based anger and group efficacy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 649–664. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022‐3514.87.5.649
Varas‐Díaz, N., & Serrano‐García, I. (2003). The challenge of a positive self‐image in a colonial context: A psychology of liberation for the Puerto Rican experience. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:102307872141
Vinthagen, S., & Johansson, A. (2013). “Everyday resistance”: Exploration, concept, and its theories. Resistance Studies Magazine, 1, 1–46.
Vollhardt, J. R., Okuyan, M., & Ünal, H. (2020). Resistance to collective victimization and oppression. Current Opinion in Psychology, 35, 92–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.04.001
Walsh, E. (2001). U.S. navy bombs, shells rain on Vieques Island as protests continue. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/04/28/us‐navy‐bombs‐shells‐rain‐on‐vieques‐island‐as‐protests‐continue/5d435025‐208a‐409c‐a4a1‐0db14f8da5a1/
Yosso, T. J. (2005). Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth. Race Ethnicity and Education, 8(1), 69–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/1361332052000341006