Eggs, dietary choline, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the Framingham Heart Study.
dietary choline
eggs
liver fat
lutein
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
zeaxanthin
Journal
The Journal of nutrition
ISSN: 1541-6100
Titre abrégé: J Nutr
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0404243
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
16 Oct 2024
16 Oct 2024
Historique:
received:
09
07
2024
revised:
18
09
2024
accepted:
02
10
2024
medline:
19
10
2024
pubmed:
19
10
2024
entrez:
18
10
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Eggs are rich in bioactive compounds, including choline and carotenoids, that may benefit cardiometabolic outcomes. However, little is known about their relation with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated the association between intakes of eggs and selected egg-rich nutrients (choline, lutein and zeaxanthin) and NAFLD risk and changes in liver fat over approximately 6 years of follow-up in the Framingham Offspring and Third Generation cohorts. On two separate occasions (2002-2005 and 2008-2011), liver fat was assessed using a computed tomography scan to estimate the average liver fat attenuation relative to a control phantom to create the liver phantom ratio (LPR). In 2008-2011, cases of incident NAFLD were identified as an LPR ≤0.33 in the absence of heavy alcohol use, after excluding prevalent NAFLD (LPR ≤0.33) in 2002-2005. Food frequency questionnaires were used to estimate egg intakes (classified as <1, 1, and ≥2 per week) and dietary choline (adjusted for body weight using the residual method), and the combined intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin. Multivariable modified Poisson regression and general linear models were used to compute incident risk ratios (RR) of NAFLD and adjusted mean annualized liver fat change. NAFLD cumulative incidence was 19% among a total of 1414 participants. We observed no associations between egg intake or the combined intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin with an incident NAFLD risk or liver fat change. Other diet and cardiometabolic risk factors did not modify this association. However, dietary choline intakes were inversely associated with NAFLD risk (RR for tertile 3 vs. 1: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.51-0.94). While egg intake was not directly associated with NAFLD risk, eggs are a major source of dietary choline, which was strongly inversely associated with NAFLD risk in this community-based cohort.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Eggs are rich in bioactive compounds, including choline and carotenoids, that may benefit cardiometabolic outcomes. However, little is known about their relation with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
OBJECTIVE
OBJECTIVE
We investigated the association between intakes of eggs and selected egg-rich nutrients (choline, lutein and zeaxanthin) and NAFLD risk and changes in liver fat over approximately 6 years of follow-up in the Framingham Offspring and Third Generation cohorts.
METHODS
METHODS
On two separate occasions (2002-2005 and 2008-2011), liver fat was assessed using a computed tomography scan to estimate the average liver fat attenuation relative to a control phantom to create the liver phantom ratio (LPR). In 2008-2011, cases of incident NAFLD were identified as an LPR ≤0.33 in the absence of heavy alcohol use, after excluding prevalent NAFLD (LPR ≤0.33) in 2002-2005. Food frequency questionnaires were used to estimate egg intakes (classified as <1, 1, and ≥2 per week) and dietary choline (adjusted for body weight using the residual method), and the combined intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin. Multivariable modified Poisson regression and general linear models were used to compute incident risk ratios (RR) of NAFLD and adjusted mean annualized liver fat change.
RESULTS
RESULTS
NAFLD cumulative incidence was 19% among a total of 1414 participants. We observed no associations between egg intake or the combined intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin with an incident NAFLD risk or liver fat change. Other diet and cardiometabolic risk factors did not modify this association. However, dietary choline intakes were inversely associated with NAFLD risk (RR for tertile 3 vs. 1: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.51-0.94).
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
While egg intake was not directly associated with NAFLD risk, eggs are a major source of dietary choline, which was strongly inversely associated with NAFLD risk in this community-based cohort.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39424072
pii: S0022-3166(24)01103-9
doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.10.026
pii:
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
Declaration of Competing Interest ☐ The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. ☒ The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Lynn L Moore reports financial support was provided by Egg Nutrition Council. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.