Effects of decision making and impulsivity on the addictive features of non-suicidal self-injury behaviors in adolescents with depressive disorder.


Journal

BMC psychiatry
ISSN: 1471-244X
Titre abrégé: BMC Psychiatry
Pays: England
ID NLM: 100968559

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
18 Oct 2024
Historique:
received: 12 01 2024
accepted: 26 09 2024
medline: 19 10 2024
pubmed: 19 10 2024
entrez: 18 10 2024
Statut: epublish

Résumé

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors pose a significant threat to the physical and psychological well-being of adolescents. Recent research suggests that persistent, uncontrollable and repetitive NSSI can be conceptualized as a behavioral addiction. The addictive feature of NSSI behavior can be assessed using Ottawa self-injury inventory (OSI), the higher addiction score indicates the more serious NSSI behavior. This study aims to explore the relationship of impulsivity and decision-making on the addictive features of NSSI in adolescents with depressive disorder, to explore the influencing factors of behavioral addictive features of NSSI and to predict the addictive features of NSSI. Using a cross-sectional design, a total of 126 adolescent outpatients and inpatients with a mean age of 15.49 years old (M = 15.49, SD = 1.56), male students (n = 28, 22.2%) and female students (n = 98, 77.8%) diagnosed with depressive disorders were recruited according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), and clinical interviews were completed by two psychiatrists. NSSI addictive features according to the OSI's addictive features items. The final group was categorized into three groups: depression without NSSI (n = 42), depression with NSSI without addictive features (n = 44), and depression with NSSI and addictive features (n = 40). The present study employed the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-24), Chinese Revised Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 11 (BIS-11), OSI, and the Adolescent Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Questionnaire (ANSSIQ). Cognitive decision-making abilities were assessed using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). The depression with NSSI addictive features group had significantly lower total net scores and net scores of block3, block4, and block5 in the IGT than the depression without NSSI group, whereas there was no statistically significant difference between the two in net scores of block1 and block2. Lower scores mean more unfavorable decisions and strategy adjustments. The addictive features of NSSI behaviors were significantly and positively correlated with the severity of NSSI behaviors, depression, and cognitive impulsiveness, and significantly and negatively correlated with the total net score of the IGT. The severity of NSSI behaviors, severity of depression, cognitive impulsiveness positively predicts the addictive features of NSSI behaviors, the total net score of the IGT negatively predicted the addictive features of NSSI behaviors. Adolescents with depressive disorders with NSSI behavioral addictive features had higher severity of depression, exhibited higher cognitive impulsivity, and made more unfavorable decisions when making choices.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND BACKGROUND
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors pose a significant threat to the physical and psychological well-being of adolescents. Recent research suggests that persistent, uncontrollable and repetitive NSSI can be conceptualized as a behavioral addiction. The addictive feature of NSSI behavior can be assessed using Ottawa self-injury inventory (OSI), the higher addiction score indicates the more serious NSSI behavior. This study aims to explore the relationship of impulsivity and decision-making on the addictive features of NSSI in adolescents with depressive disorder, to explore the influencing factors of behavioral addictive features of NSSI and to predict the addictive features of NSSI.
METHODS METHODS
Using a cross-sectional design, a total of 126 adolescent outpatients and inpatients with a mean age of 15.49 years old (M = 15.49, SD = 1.56), male students (n = 28, 22.2%) and female students (n = 98, 77.8%) diagnosed with depressive disorders were recruited according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), and clinical interviews were completed by two psychiatrists. NSSI addictive features according to the OSI's addictive features items. The final group was categorized into three groups: depression without NSSI (n = 42), depression with NSSI without addictive features (n = 44), and depression with NSSI and addictive features (n = 40). The present study employed the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-24), Chinese Revised Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 11 (BIS-11), OSI, and the Adolescent Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Questionnaire (ANSSIQ). Cognitive decision-making abilities were assessed using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT).
RESULTS RESULTS
The depression with NSSI addictive features group had significantly lower total net scores and net scores of block3, block4, and block5 in the IGT than the depression without NSSI group, whereas there was no statistically significant difference between the two in net scores of block1 and block2. Lower scores mean more unfavorable decisions and strategy adjustments. The addictive features of NSSI behaviors were significantly and positively correlated with the severity of NSSI behaviors, depression, and cognitive impulsiveness, and significantly and negatively correlated with the total net score of the IGT. The severity of NSSI behaviors, severity of depression, cognitive impulsiveness positively predicts the addictive features of NSSI behaviors, the total net score of the IGT negatively predicted the addictive features of NSSI behaviors.
CONCLUSION CONCLUSIONS
Adolescents with depressive disorders with NSSI behavioral addictive features had higher severity of depression, exhibited higher cognitive impulsivity, and made more unfavorable decisions when making choices.

Identifiants

pubmed: 39425107
doi: 10.1186/s12888-024-06121-3
pii: 10.1186/s12888-024-06121-3
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

708

Subventions

Organisme : Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders Open Grant
ID : 13dz2260500
Organisme : Bengbu Medical College Key Laboratory of Addiction Medicine
ID : 29-3
Organisme : Anhui Provincial Education Department Humanities and Social Science Key Project
ID : SK2019A0181
Organisme : Provincial Education Department Natural Science Key Project
ID : 2022AH051512
Organisme : Innovative training Program for Chinese College students
ID : 202010367019

Informations de copyright

© 2024. The Author(s).

Références

Herrman H, Patel V, Kieling C, Berk M, Buchweitz C, Cuijpers P, Furukawa TA, Kessler RC, Kohrt BA, Maj M, McGorry P, Reynolds CF 3rd, Weissman MM, Chibanda D, Dowrick C, Howard LM, Hoven CW, Knapp M, Mayberg HS, Penninx BWJH, Wolpert M. Time for united action on depression: a Lancet-World Psychiatric Association Commission. Lancet (London England). 2022;399(10328):957–1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02141-3 .
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02141-3 pubmed: 35180424
Piao J, Huang Y, Han C, Li Y, Xu Y, Liu Y, He X, Shorey S, Ng ED, Wong CHJ. Alarming changes in the global burden of mental disorders in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatr. 2022;31(11):1827–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02040-4 .
Shorey S, Ng ED, Wong CHJ. Global prevalence of depression and elevated depressive symptoms among adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Clin Psychol. 2022;61(2):287–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12333
Kaggwa MM, Najjuka SM, Bongomin F, Mamun MA, Griffiths MD. Prevalence of depression in Uganda: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(10):e0276552. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276552 .
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276552 pubmed: 36264962 pmcid: 9584512
Liu Furong S, Xiaoqin S, Xiaoping, et al. A meta-analysis of detection rate of depression symptoms among middle school students. Chin Mental Health J. 2020;34(02):123–8.
Nock MK. Why do people Hurt themselves? New insights into the Nature and functions of Self-Injury. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2009;18(2):78–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01613.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01613.x pubmed: 20161092 pmcid: 2744421
Plener PL, Kapusta ND, Brunner R, Kaess M. Nicht-suizidales selbstverletzendes Verhalten (NSSV) und Suizidale Verhaltensstörung (SVS) Im DSM-5 [Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) and suicidal behavior disorder in the DSM-5]. Z fur Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie Und Psychother. 2014;42(6):405–13. https://doi.org/10.1024/1422-4917/a000319 .
doi: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000319
Mannekote Thippaiah S, Shankarapura Nanjappa M, Gude JG, Voyiaziakis E, Patwa S, Birur B, Pandurangi A. Non-suicidal self-injury in developing countries: a review. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2021;67(5):472–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020943627 .
doi: 10.1177/0020764020943627 pubmed: 32715834
Gou Shuangyu D, Meijie L, Xiaorong, et al. Meta-analysis of the detection rate of non-suicidal self-injury among Chinese adolescents. Mod Prev Med. 2023;50(02):263–71.
Xu Ziyao H, Yaling Z, Guangqiang, et al. Prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury behavior among Chinese adolescents with depression: a Meta-analysis. Sichuan Mental Health. 2022;35(04):331–6.
Ose SO, Tveit T, Mehlum L. Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adult psychiatric outpatients - a nationwide study. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;133:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.031 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.031 pubmed: 33296801
Liu RT, Walsh RFL, Sheehan AE, Cheek SM, Sanzari CM. Prevalence and correlates of suicide and nonsuicidal self-injury in children: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022;79(7):718–26. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.1256 .
doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.1256 pubmed: 35612875 pmcid: 9134039
Ying W, Shen Y, Ou J, Chen H, Jiang F, Yang F, Li J, Qian X, Luo W, Wang G, Dong H. Identifying clinical risk factors correlated with addictive features of non-suicidal self-injury among a consecutive psychiatric outpatient sample of adolescents and young adults. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin NeuroSci. 2024;274(2):291–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-023-01636-4 .
doi: 10.1007/s00406-023-01636-4 pubmed: 37314538
Blasco-Fontecilla H, Fernández-Fernández R, Colino L, Fajardo L, Perteguer-Barrio R, de Leon J. The addictive model of self-harming (non-suicidal and suicidal) behavior. Front Psychiatry. 2016;7:8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00008 .
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00008 pubmed: 26869941 pmcid: 4734209
Sarah D. Addiction to self-harm? The case of online postings on self‐harm message boards [J]. Int J Mental Health Addict. 2019;17(4):1020–35.
doi: 10.1007/s11469-018-9975-8
Guo Z, Liu Y, Wang C, Li S, Yu L, Wu W, You X, Zhang Y, Teng Z, Zeng Y. Exploring the association of addiction-related genetic factors with non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1126615. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1126615 .
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1126615 pubmed: 37065902 pmcid: 10102595
Poon JA, Thompson JC, Forbes EE, Chaplin TM. Adolescents’ reward-related neural activation: links to thoughts of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury. Suicide Life-Threat Behav. 2019;49(1):76–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12418 .
doi: 10.1111/sltb.12418 pubmed: 29349794
Liu RT. Characterizing the course of non-suicidal self-injury: a cognitive neuroscience perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;80:159–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.026 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.026 pubmed: 28579492 pmcid: 5705419
Brand M, Wegmann E, Stark R, Müller A, Wölfling K, Robbins TW, Potenza MN. The Interaction of person-affect-cognition-execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;104:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032 pubmed: 31247240
Liu J, Gao Y, Liang C, Liu X. The potential addictive mechanism involved in repetitive nonsuicidal self-injury: the roles of emotion dysregulation and impulsivity in adolescents. J Behav Addictions. 2022;11(4):953–62. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2022.00077 .
doi: 10.1556/2006.2022.00077
Brager-Larsen A, Zeiner P, Klungsøyr O, Mehlum L. Is age of self-harm onset associated with increased frequency of non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts in adolescent outpatients? BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22(1):58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03712-w .
doi: 10.1186/s12888-022-03712-w pubmed: 35081930 pmcid: 8790924
Masi G, Pisano S, Sesso G, Mazzullo C, Berloffa S, Fantozzi P, Narzisi A, Placini F, Valente E, Viglione V, Milone A. Persistent Non-suicidal Self-Injury and Suicidality in Referred adolescents: a longitudinal study exploring the role of cyclothymic temperament. Brain Sci. 2023;13(5):755. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13050755 .
doi: 10.3390/brainsci13050755 pubmed: 37239227 pmcid: 10216602
International Society for Research on Impulsivity. (2019). What is impulsivity. Retrieved from http://www.impulsivity.org/index.htm
MacKillop J, Weafer J, Gray C, Oshri J, Palmer A, A., de Wit H. The latent structure of impulsivity: impulsive choice, impulsive action, and impulsive personality traits. Psychopharmacology. 2016;233(18):3361–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4372-0 .
doi: 10.1007/s00213-016-4372-0 pubmed: 27449350 pmcid: 5204128
McMullin SD, Shields GS, Slavich GM, Buchanan TW. Cumulative lifetime stress exposure predicts greater impulsivity and addictive behaviors. J Health Psychol. 2021;26(14):2921–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320937055 .
doi: 10.1177/1359105320937055 pubmed: 32643970
Karila L, Benyamina A. Addictions [Addictions]. Rev Mal Respir. 2019;36(2):233–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmr.2018.12.001 .
doi: 10.1016/j.rmr.2018.12.001 pubmed: 30686556
HAMILTON M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23(1):56–62. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 .
doi: 10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 pubmed: 14399272 pmcid: 495331
Sun Xiaoyan L, Yixue Y, Canqing, et al. Reliability and validity of depression scales of Chinese version: a systematic review[J]. Chin J Epidemiol. 2017;38(01):110–6.
Li Xianyun F, Lipeng X, Dong, et al. Reliability and validity of an adapted Chinese version of Barratt Impulsiveness Scale[J]. Chin Mental Health J. 2011;25(08):610–5.
Li X, et al. The reliability and validity of the Chinese revised version of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale in community and university populations. Chin Mental Health J. 2011;25(8):6.
Nixon MK, Levesque C, Preyde M, Vanderkooy J, Cloutier PF. The Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory: evaluation of an assessment measure of nonsuicidal self-injury in an inpatient sample of adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Mental Health. 2015;9:26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-015-0056-5 .
doi: 10.1186/s13034-015-0056-5
Chen H et al. Revision of the non-suicidal self-injury behavior scale for adolescents with mental disorder. J Cent South Univ (Medical Science), 2022, 47(3).
Wan Yuhui L, Wan H, Jiahu, et al. Development and evaluation on reliability and validity of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury Assessment Questionnaire[J]. Chin J School Health. 2018;39(2):170–3.
Bechara A, Damasio AR, Damasio H, Anderson SW. Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition. 1994;50(1–3):7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3 .
doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3 pubmed: 8039375
Toplak ME, Sorge GB, Benoit A, West RF, Stanovich KE. Decision-making and cognitive abilities: a review of associations between Iowa Gambling Task performance, executive functions, and intelligence. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30(5):562–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.002 .
doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.002 pubmed: 20457481
Xiong HX, Zhang J, Ye BJ, et al. Model analysis of the effects of common method variation and its statistical control pathways[J]. Adv Psychol Sci. 2012;20(05):757–69.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2012.00757
Li G, Yongjie Z, Wei H, et al. Gender differences in non-suicidal self-injury behaviors among adolescents with mood disorders[J]. China Prev Med. 2021;22(09):699–703.
Thomas D, Bonnaire C. Relationship between Non-suicidal Self-Injury and emotion dysregulation among male and female young adults. Psychol Rep. 2023;332941231183336. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941231183336 . Advance online publication.
Reinhardt M, Kökönyei G, Rice KG, Drubina B, Urbán R. Functions of nonsuicidal self-injury in a Hungarian community adolescent sample: a psychometric investigation. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):618. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03613-4 .
doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03613-4 pubmed: 34886827 pmcid: 8662905
Tang J, Li G, Chen B, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Chang H, Wu C, Ma X, Wang J, Yu Y. Prevalence of and risk factors for non-suicidal self-injury in rural China: results from a nationwide survey in China. J Affect Disord. 2018;226:188–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.051 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.051 pubmed: 28988001
Zhou J, Zhang J, Huang Y, Zhao J, Xiao Y, Zhang S, Li Y, Zhao T, Ma J, Ou N, Wang S, Ou Q, Luo J. Associations between coping styles, gender, their interaction and non-suicidal self-injury among middle school students in rural west China: a multicentre cross-sectional study. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:861917. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.861917 .
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.861917 pubmed: 36016979 pmcid: 9395723
Wang Y, Luo B, Hong B, Yang M, Zhao L, Jia P. The relationship between family functioning and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: a structural equation modeling analysis. J Affect Disord. 2022;309:193–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.124 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.124 pubmed: 35472474
Khazaie H, Khazaie S, Zakiei A, Dürsteler KM, Brühl AB, Brand S, Sadeghi-Bahmani D. When Non-suicidal Self-Injury predicts Non-suicidal Self-Injury and poor sleep-results from a larger cross-sectional and quasi-longitudinal study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(24):13011. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413011 .
doi: 10.3390/ijerph182413011 pubmed: 34948620 pmcid: 8701371
Liu J, Wang Y, Liu X, Li J, Xing S. Experiencing stress impact on adolescent repetitive nonsuicidal self-injury: the mediating role of emotion dysregulation and maladaptive cognitive schemas. J Affect Disord. 2023;339:392–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.074 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.074 pubmed: 37463641
Cassels M, Neufeld S, van Harmelen AL, Goodyer I, Wilkinson P. Archives suicide research: official J Int Acad Suicide Res. 2022;26(2):534–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2020.1811180 . Prospective Pathways From Impulsivity to Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Youth.
Turner BJ, Baglole JS, Chapman AL, Gratz KL. Experiencing and resisting nonsuicidal self-injury thoughts and urges in Everyday Life. Suicide Life-Threat Behav. 2019;49(5):1332–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12510 .
doi: 10.1111/sltb.12510 pubmed: 30152181
Allen KJD, Fox KR, Schatten HT, Hooley JM. Frequency of nonsuicidal self-injury is associated with impulsive decision-making during criticism. Psychiatry Res. 2019;271:68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.022 .
doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.022 pubmed: 30469091
Hüpen P, Habel U, Votinov M, Kable JW, Wagels L. A systematic review on common and distinct neural correlates of risk-taking in substance-related and non-substance related addictions. Neuropsychol Rev. 2023;33(2):492–513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-022-09552-5 .
doi: 10.1007/s11065-022-09552-5 pubmed: 35906511
Logge WB, Morley KC, Haber PS, Baillie AJ. Impaired decision-making and Skin Conductance Responses Are Associated with reward and punishment sensitivity in individuals with severe Alcohol Use Disorder. Neuropsychobiology. 2023;82(2):117–29. https://doi.org/10.1159/000529156 .
doi: 10.1159/000529156 pubmed: 36812895
Noël X, Bechara A, Dan B, Hanak C, Verbanck P. Response inhibition deficit is involved in poor decision making under risk in nonamnesic individuals with alcoholism. Neuropsychology. 2007;21(6):778–86. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.21.6.778 .
doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.21.6.778 pubmed: 17983291
Poudel R, Riedel MC, Salo T, Flannery JS, Hill-Bowen LD, Eickhoff SB, Laird AR, Sutherland MT. Common and distinct brain activity associated with risky and ambiguous decision-making. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;209:107884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107884 .
doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107884 pubmed: 32078973 pmcid: 7127964
Chen S, Yang P, Chen T, Su H, Jiang H, Zhao M. Risky decision-making in individuals with substance use disorder: a meta-analysis and meta-regression review. Psychopharmacology. 2020;237(7):1893–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05506-y .
doi: 10.1007/s00213-020-05506-y pubmed: 32363438
Hou-De CAI, ZHANG Quan;CAI Qi;CHEN Qing-Rong. Iowa Game Task and cognitive neural mechanisms on decision-making. Adv Psychol Sci. 2021;20(09):1401–10.

Auteurs

Yulian Jiang (Y)

School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China.

Hang Yu (H)

School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China.

Quanming Zheng (Q)

School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China.

Yuqiong Zhu (Y)

School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China.

Qiyue Qin (Q)

School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China.

Jun Zhang (J)

Anhui Province Veterans Hospital, Bengbu, Anhui, 233499, China.

Ruomeng Cui (R)

Anhui Province Veterans Hospital, Bengbu, Anhui, 233499, China.

Wei Wu (W)

Anhui Province Veterans Hospital, Bengbu, Anhui, 233499, China.

Chengcong Wu (C)

School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China.

Tiancheng Li (T)

School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China.

Chenguang Ji (C)

School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China.

Dongliang Jiao (D)

School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China. jdl3925697@163.com.

Wenjuan Wang (W)

School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China. wwj.wen@163.com.

Articles similaires

[Redispensing of expensive oral anticancer medicines: a practical application].

Lisanne N van Merendonk, Kübra Akgöl, Bastiaan Nuijen
1.00
Humans Antineoplastic Agents Administration, Oral Drug Costs Counterfeit Drugs

Smoking Cessation and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Jun Hwan Cho, Seung Yong Shin, Hoseob Kim et al.
1.00
Humans Male Smoking Cessation Cardiovascular Diseases Female
Humans United States Aged Cross-Sectional Studies Medicare Part C
1.00
Humans Yoga Low Back Pain Female Male

Classifications MeSH