Mental health and its consequences in people living with HIV: A network approach.
Humans
HIV Infections
/ psychology
Male
Female
Quality of Life
Adult
Depression
/ epidemiology
Middle Aged
Anxiety
/ epidemiology
Medication Adherence
/ statistics & numerical data
Mental Health
Substance-Related Disorders
/ epidemiology
Sexual Behavior
/ psychology
Impulsive Behavior
/ physiology
Risk-Taking
HIV
network analysis
psychiatry
quality of life
substance use
Journal
Brain and behavior
ISSN: 2162-3279
Titre abrégé: Brain Behav
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101570837
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Oct 2024
Oct 2024
Historique:
revised:
08
08
2024
received:
05
09
2023
accepted:
19
08
2024
medline:
21
10
2024
pubmed:
21
10
2024
entrez:
20
10
2024
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Psychiatric symptoms occur frequently in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH), which may affect quality of life, sexual risk behavior, and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Data from large cohorts are limited, and symptoms are often analyzed in isolation. Therefore, we applied a network analysis to assess the interrelatedness of mental health indicators in a large cohort of PLWH. We included 1615 PLWH on ART. Participants reported on the severity of depression, anxiety, impulsivity, substance use, quality of life, sexual risk behavior, and ART adherence. An Ising network model was constructed to analyze interrelations between mental health indicators and connections with clinical consequences. Our network analysis revealed that symptoms of depression, anxiety, and indicators of impulsivity were interrelated. Substance use was prevalent and strongly connected with sexual risk behavior. Quality of life was most strongly connected with symptoms of depression. Unexpectedly, ART adherence did not display connections with any of the mental health indicators. In PLWH, the interrelatedness between symptoms of depression and anxiety and indicators of impulsivity is high. Mainly, depressive symptoms seem to impact quality of life, which warrants attention for depression in PLWH. We did not observe evidence for the common assumption that patients suffering from psychiatric symptoms are less adherent to HIV treatment.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
e70021Subventions
Organisme : ViiV Healthcare
ID : A18-1052
Organisme : ViiV Healthcare
ID : NOW SPI94-212
Organisme : ERC
ID : 833247
Informations de copyright
© 2024 The Author(s). Brain and Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Références
Araújo, K. M. S. T., Silva, S. R. A., Freire, D. A., Leal, M. C. C., Marques, A. P. O., Baptista, R. S., & Silva, A. L. O. (2021). Correlation between quality of life, depression, satisfaction and functionality of older people with HIV. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 74(Suppl 2), e20201334. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034‐7167‐2020‐1334
Arends, R. M., Nelwan, E. J., Soediro, R., van Crevel, R., Alisjahbana, B., Pohan, H. T., von Borries, A. K. L., Schene, A. H., van der Ven, A. J. A. M., & Schellekens, A. F. A. (2018). Associations between impulsivity, risk behavior and HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis seroprevalence among female prisoners in Indonesia: A cross‐sectional study. BioRxiv, 14, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1101/468694
Arora, S., Peters, A. L., Burner, E., Lam, C. N., & Menchine, M. (2014). Trial to examine text message–Based mhealth in emergency department patients with diabetes (TExT‐MED): A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 63(6), 745–754.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.10.012
Asrat, B., Lund, C., Ambaw, F., Garman, E. C., & Schneider, M. (2020). Major depressive disorder and its association with adherence to antiretroviral therapy and quality of life: Cross‐sectional survey of people living with HIV/AIDS in Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 462. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888‐020‐02865‐w
Barratt, E. S. (1985). Impulsiveness subtraits: Arousal and information processing. In C. E. Spence & C. E. Izard (Eds.), Motivation, emotion, and personality (pp. 137–46). Elsevier Science Publishers.
Berry, D., Blonquist, T., Hong, F., Partidge, A., & Halpenny, B. (2015). Self‐reported adherence to oral cancer therapy: Relationships with symptom distress, depression, and personal characteristics. Patient Preference and Adherence, 9, 1587–1592. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S91534
Biederman, J., Ball, S. W., Monuteaux, M. C., Mick, E., Spencer, T. J., McCREARY, M., Cote, M., & Faraone, S. V. (2008). New insights into the comorbidity between ADHD and major depression in adolescent and young adult females. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(4), 426–434. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31816429d3
Biney, I. J. K., Kyei, K. A., Ganu, V. J., Kenu, E., Puplampu, P., Manortey, S., & Lartey, M. (2021). Antiretroviral therapy adherence and viral suppression among HIV‐infected adolescents and young adults at a tertiary hospital in Ghana. African Journal of AIDS Research, 20(4), 270–276. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085906.2021.1998783
Borsboom, D., & Cramer, A. O. J. (2013). Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 91–121. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev‐clinpsy‐050212‐185608
Bramlage, P., Ketelhut, R., Fronk, E.‐M., Wolf, W.‐P., Smolnik, R., Zemmrich, C., & Schmieder, R. E. (2014). Clinical impact of patient adherence to a fixed‐dose combination of olmesartan, amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide. Clinical Drug Investigation, 34(6), 403–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40261‐014‐0188‐z
Bringmann, L. F., Elmer, T., Epskamp, S., Krause, R. W., Schoch, D., Wichers, M., Wigman, J. T. W., & Snippe, E. (2019). What do centrality measures measure in psychological networks? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128(8), 892–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000446
Buchholz, A., Broekman, T., & Schippers, G. (2011). Anwendung der ICF in der Suchthilfe am Beispiel des MATE‐ICN. Suchttherapie, 12(1), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1055/s‐0030‐1267210
Burnam, M. A., Bing, E. G., Morton, S. C., Sherbourne, C., Fleishman, J. A., London, A. S., Vitiello, B., Stein, M., Bozzette, S. A., & Shapiro, M. F. (2001). Use of mental health and substance abuse treatment services among adults with HIV in the United States. Archives Of General Psychiatry, 58, 729–736.
Cai, H., Bai, W., Liu, H., Chen, X., Qi, H., Liu, R., Cheung, T., Su, Z., Lin, J., Tang, Y. L., Jackson, T., Zhang, Q., & Xiang, Y. T. (2022). Network analysis of depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents during the later stage of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Translational Psychiatry, 12(1), 98. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398‐022‐01838‐9
Chander, G., Himelhoch, S., & Moore, R. D. (2006). Substance abuse and psychiatric disorders in HIV‐positive patients. Drugs, 66(6), 769–789. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495‐200666060‐00004
Chang, L., Lim, A., Lau, E., & Alicata, D. (2017). Chronic tobacco‐smoking on psychopathological symptoms, impulsivity and cognitive deficits in HIV‐infected individuals. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 12(2), 389–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481‐017‐9728‐7
Channer, K. S., Papouchado, M., James, M. A., & Rees, J. R. (1985). Anxiety and depression in patients with chest pain referred for exercise testing. Lancet (London, England), 2(8459), 820–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140‐6736(85)90805‐0
Ciesla, J. A., & Roberts, J. E. (2001). Meta‐analysis of the relationship between HIV infection and risk for depressive disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(5), 725–730. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.5.725
Coffey, S. F., Gudleski, G. D., Saladin, M. E., & Brady, K. T. (2003). Impulsivity and rapid discounting of delayed hypothetical rewards in cocaine‐dependent individuals. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11(1), 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/1064‐1297.11.1.18
Cooper, V., Clatworthy, J., Harding, R., & Whetham, J. (2017). Measuring quality of life among people living with HIV: A systematic review of reviews. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 15(1), 220. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955‐017‐0778‐6
Crystal, S., Sambamoorthi, U., Moynihan, P. J., & McSpiritt, E. (2001). Initiation and continuation of newer antiretroviral treatments among medicaid recipients with AIDS. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(12), 850–859. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11903765
Epskamp, S. (2017). Network psychometrics [PhD Thesisis]. University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences. https://hdl.handle.net/11245.1/a76273c6‐6abc‐4cc7‐a2e9‐3b5f1ae3c29e
Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., & Fried, E. I. (2018). Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behavior Research Methods, 50(1), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428‐017‐0862‐1
EuroQol Research Foundation. (2019). EQ‐5D‐5L user guide. EuroQol. https://Euroqol.Org/Publications/User‐Guides; https://euroqol.org/publications/user‐guides
Fino, E., Jaspal, R., Lopes, B., Wignall, L., & Bloxsom, C. (2021). The sexual risk behaviors scale (SRBS): Development & validation in a university student sample in the UK. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 44(2), 152–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/01632787211003950
Fishbein, D. H., Krupitsky, E., Flannery, B. A., Langevin, D. J., Bobashev, G., Verbitskaya, E., Augustine, C. B., Bolla, K. I., Zvartau, E., Schech, B., Egorova, V., Bushara, N., & Tsoy, M. (2007). Neurocognitive characterizations of Russian heroin addicts without a significant history of other drug use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 90(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.02.015
Fried, E. I., Nesse, R. M., Zivin, K., Guille, C., & Sen, S. (2014). Depression is more than the sum score of its parts: Individual DSM symptoms have different risk factors. Psychological Medicine, 44(10), 2067–2076. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713002900
Fried, E. I., Epskamp, S., Nesse, R. M., Tuerlinckx, F., & Borsboom, D. (2016). What are “good” depression symptoms? Comparing the centrality of DSM and non‐DSM symptoms of depression in a network analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 189, 314–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.005
Fried, E. I., & Nesse, R. M. (2015). Depression is not a consistent syndrome: An investigation of unique symptom patterns in the STAR*D study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 172, 96–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.010
Fried, E. I., van Borkulo, C. D., Cramer, A. O. J., Boschloo, L., Schoevers, R. A., & Borsboom, D. (2017). Mental disorders as networks of problems: A review of recent insights. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127‐016‐1319‐z
Galland, D., Simioni, N., Schippers, G., Broekman, T., Alaux‐Cantin, S., Houchi, H., Naassila, M., & Rolland, B. (2018). La MATE‐Fr: Introduction à la version française d'un instrument d’évaluation globale en addictologie. Alcoologie et Addictologie, 40(2), 140–148.
Galvan, F. H., Bing, E. G., Fleishman, J. A., London, A. S., Caetano, R., Burnam, M. A., Longshore, D., Morton, S. C., Orlando, M., & Shapiro, M. (2002). The prevalence of alcohol consumption and heavy drinking among people with HIV in the United States: Results from the HIV cost and services utilization study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2002.63.179
Gaynes, B. N., Pence, B. W., Eron, J. J., & Miller, W. C. (2008). Prevalence and comorbidity of psychiatric diagnoses based on reference standard in an HIV+ patient population. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70(4), 505–511. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31816aa0cc
Gilliom, M., & Shaw, D. S. (2004). Codevelopment of externalizing and internalizing problems in early childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 16(2), 313–333. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579404044530
Gonzalez, A., Barinas, J., & O'Cleirigh, C. (2011). Substance use: Impact on adherence and HIV medical treatment. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 8(4), 223–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904‐011‐0093‐5
Hampel, B., Kusejko, K., Kouyos, R., Böni, J., Flepp, M., Stöckle, M. Conen Béguelin, C., Künzler‐Heule, P., Nicca, D., Schmidt, A. J., Nguyen, H., Delaloye, J., Rougemont, M., Bernasconi, E., Rauch, A., Günthard, H. F., Braun, D. L., & Fehr, J., (2020). Chemsex drugs on the rise: A longitudinal analysis of the Swiss HIV cohort study from 2007 to 2017. HIV Medicine, 21(4), 228–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12821
Han, S., Zhang, Y., Yang, X., Li, K., Zhang, L., Shao, Y., Ma, J., Hu, Y., Zhu, Z., Zhang, Y., & Wang, Z. (2023). Exploring core mental health symptoms among persons living with HIV: A network analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1081867. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1081867
Hell, M. E., Andersen, K., & Nielsen, A. S. (2018). Is the Danish version of MATE feasible? A pilot study on feasibility and adequacy. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 14(1), 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15504263.2017.1386810
Helleberg, M., Afzal, S., Kronborg, G., Larsen, C. S., Pedersen, G., Pedersen, C., Gerstoft, J., Nordestgaard, B. G., & Obel, N. (2013). Mortality attributable to smoking among HIV‐1—Infected individuals : A nationwide, population‐based cohort study. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 56, 727–734. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis933
Herdman, M., Gudex, C., Lloyd, A., Janssen, M., Kind, P., Parkin, D., Bonsel, G., & Badia, X. (2011). Development and preliminary testing of the new five‐level version of EQ‐5D (EQ‐5D‐5L). Quality of Life Research, 20(10), 1727–1736. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11136‐011‐9903‐X
Himelhoch, S., Josephs, J. S., Chander, G., Korthuis, P. T., & Gebo, K. A. (2009). Use of outpatient mental health services and psychotropic medications among HIV‐infected patients in a multisite, multistate study. General Hospital Psychiatry, 31(6), 538–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.05.009
Jain, D., Kumar, Y. M. P., Katyal, V. K., Jain, P., Kumar, J. P., & Singh, S. (2021). Study of quality of life and depression in people living with HIV/AIDS in India. AIDS Reviews, 23(4), 186–195. https://doi.org/10.24875/AIDSRev.20000114
Kessler, R. C. (1994). Lifetime and 12‐month prevalence of DSM‐III‐R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51(1), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002
Kjome, K., Lane, S., Schmitz, J., Green, C., Ma, L., Prasla, I., Swann, A. C., & Moeller, G. (2010). Relationship between impulsivity and decision‐making in cocaine dependence. Psychiatry Research, 178(2), 299–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.11.024
Kreek, M. J., Nielsen, D. A., Butelman, E. R., & LaForge, K. S. (2005). Genetic influences on impulsivity, risk taking, stress responsivity and vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction. Nature Neuroscience, 8(11), 1450–1457. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1583
Lamers, F., van Oppen, P., Comijs, H. C., Smit, J. H., Spinhoven, P., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Nolen, W. A., Zitman, F. G., Beekman, A. T., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2011). Comorbidity patterns of anxiety and depressive disorders in a large cohort study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(03), 341–348. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.10m06176blu
Lewis, G. (1991). Observer bias in the assessment of anxiety and depression. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 26(6), 265–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00789218
López‐Toro, E., Wolf, C. J. H., González, R. A., van den Brink, W., Schellekens, A., & Vélez‐Pastrana, M. C. (2022). Network analysis of DSM symptoms of substance use disorders and frequently co‐occurring mental disorders in patients with substance use disorder who seek treatment. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(10), 2883. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11102883
Lucas, G. M., Cheever, L. W., Chaisson, R. E., & Moore, R. D. (2001). Detrimental effects of continued illicit drug use on the treatment of HIV‐1 infection. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 27(3), 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1097/00126334‐200107010‐00006
Lucas, G. M., Gebo, K. A., Chaisson, R. E., & Moore, R. D. (2002). Longitudinal assessment of the effects of drug and alcohol abuse on HIV‐1 treatment outcomes in an urban clinic. AIDS, 16(5), 767–774. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002030‐200203290‐00012
Luseno, W. K., Field, S. H., Iritani, B. J., Odongo, F. S., Kwaro, D., Amek, N. O., & Rennie, S. (2021). Pathways to depression and poor quality of life among adolescents in Western Kenya: Role of anticipated HIV stigma, HIV risk perception, and sexual behaviors. AIDS and Behavior, 25(5), 1423–1437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461‐020‐02980‐5
Malta, M., Strathdee, S. A., Magnanini, M. M. F., & Bastos, F. I. (2008). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome among drug users: A systematic review. Addiction, 103(8), 1242–1257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360‐0443.2008.02269.x
Mayston, R., Kinyanda, E., Chishinga, N., Prince, M., & Patel, V. (2012). Mental disorder and the outcome of HIV/AIDS in low‐income and middle‐income countries: A systematic review. AIDS, 26(Suppl 2), 117–135. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32835bde0f
Meade, C. S., & Sikkema, K. J. (2005). HIV risk behavior among adults with severe mental illness: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(4), 433–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.02.001
Meeder, E., Matzaraki, V., Vadaq, N., van de Wijer, L., van der Ven, A., & Schellekens, A. (2021). Unbiased metabolomics links fatty acid pathways to psychiatric symptoms in people living with HIV. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(23), 5466. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10235466
Mitchell, J. M., Fields, H. L., D'Esposito, M., & Boettiger, C. A. (2005). Impulsive responding in alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 29(12), 2158–2169. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.alc.0000191755.63639.4a
Moon, S. J., Lee, W. Y., Hwang, J. S., Hong, Y. P., & Morisky, D. E. (2017). Accuracy of a screening tool for medication adherence: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale‐8. PLoS ONE, 12(11), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187139
Moorey, S., Greer, S., Watson, M., Gorman, C., Rowden, L., Tunmore, R., Robertson, B., & Bliss, J. (1991). The factor structure and factor stability of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in patients with cancer. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158(2), 255–259. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.158.2.255
Morisky, D. E., Ang, A., Krousel‐Wood, M., & Ward, H. J. (2008). Predictive validity of a medication adherence measure in an outpatient setting. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 10(5), 348–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751‐7176.2008.07572.x
Morisky, D. E., Green, L. W., & Levine, D. M. (1986). Concurrent and predictive validity of a self‐reported measure of medication adherence. Medical Care, 24(1), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650‐198601000‐00007
Okimat, P., Akena, D., Opio, D., Mutabazi, T., Sendaula, E., Semitala, F. C., Kalyango, J. N., & Karamagi, C. A. (2022). Screening PLHIV for depression using PHQs: A RCT comparing non‐selective with selective screening strategy within a primary health care facility in Uganda. PloS ONE, 17(6), e0270175. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270175
Oudejans, S., De Weert‐Van Oene, G., Spits, M., De Wildt, W., Merkx, M., Dekker, J., Visch, I., & Goudriaan, A. (2020). A self‐reported version of the measurements in the addictions for triage and evaluation‐Q: Concurrent validity with the MATE 2.1. European Addiction Research, 26(1), 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1159/000503625
Park, L. G., Howie‐Esquivel, J., Chung, M. L., & Dracup, K. (2014). A text messaging intervention to promote medication adherence for patients with coronary heart disease: A randomized controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling, 94(2), 261–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2013.10.027
Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51(6), 768–774. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097‐4679(199511)51:6<768::AID‐JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2‐1
Powell, V., Martin, J., Thapar, A., Rice, F., & Anney, R. J. L. (2021). Investigating regions of shared genetic variation in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and major depressive disorder: A GWAS meta‐analysis. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 7353. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598‐021‐86802‐1
Reda, A. A. (2011). Reliability and validity of the Ethiopian version of the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) in HIV infected patients. PLoS ONE, 6(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016049
Reise, S. P., Moore, T. M., Sabb, F. W., Brown, A. K., & London, E. D. (2013). The Barratt impulsiveness scale–11: Reassessment of its structure in a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 25(2), 631–642. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032161
Samet, J. H., Phillips, S. J., Horton, N. J., Traphagen, E. T., & Freedberg, K. A. (2004). Detecting alcohol problems in HIV‐infected patients: Use of the CAGE questionnaire. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 20(2), 151–155. https://doi.org/10.1089/088922204773004860
Sebit, M., Tombe, M., Siziya, S., Balus, S., Nkomo, S., & Maramba, P. (2004). Prevalence of HIV/AIDS and psychiatric disorders and their related risk factors among adults in Epworth, Zimbabwe. East African Medical Journal, 80(10), 503–512. https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v80i10.8752
Shaffer, D. N., Njeri, R., Justice, A. C., Odero, W. W., & Tierney, W. M. (2004). Alcohol abuse among patients with and without HIV infection attending public clinics in Western Kenya. East African Medical Journal, 81(11), 594–598. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15868970
Spinhoven, P., Ormel, J., Sloekers, P. P., Kempen, G. I., Speckens, A. E., & Van Hemert, A. M. (1997). A validation study of the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) in different groups of Dutch subjects. Psychological Medicine, 27(2), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291796004382
Stanford, M. S., Mathias, C. W., Dougherty, D. M., Lake, S. L., Anderson, N. E., & Patton, J. H. (2009). Fifty years of the Barratt impulsiveness scale: An update and review. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(5), 385–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.008
Tran, B., Ohinmaa, A., & Nguyen, L. (2012). Quality of life profile and psychometric properties of the EQ‐5D‐5L in HIV/AIDS patients. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 10(1), 132. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477‐7525‐10‐132
Trimbos Institute. (2022). Nationale drug monitor. Trimbos Institute. https://Www.Nationaledrugmonitor.Nl/; https://www.nationaledrugmonitor.nl/ecstasy‐gebruik‐algemene‐bevolking/
Van Borkulo, C. D., Borsboom, D., Epskamp, S., Blanken, T. F., Boschloo, L., Schoevers, R. A., & Waldorp, L. J. (2014). A new method for constructing networks from binary data. Scientific Reports, 4, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05918
Van de Wijer, L., van der Heijden, W., van Verseveld, M., Netea, M., de Mast, Q., Schellekens, A., & van der Ven, A. (2021). Substance use, unlike dolutegravir, is associated with mood symptoms in people living with HIV. AIDS and Behavior, 25(12), 4094–4101. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10461‐021‐03272‐2
Verdejo‐García, A. J., Perales, J. C., & Pérez‐García, M. (2007). Cognitive impulsivity in cocaine and heroin polysubstance abusers. Addictive Behaviors, 32(5), 950–966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.06.032
Von den Hoff, D. W., Berden, F. A. C., Atsma, F., Schellekens, A. F. A., & Drenth, J. P. H. (2022). Against all odds? Addiction history associated with better viral hepatitis care: A Dutch nationwide claims data study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(4), 1146. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11041146
Vos, W. A. J. W., Groenendijk, A. L., Blaauw, M. J. T., van Eekeren, L. E., Navas, A., Cleophas, M. C. P., Vadaq, N., Matzaraki, V., Dos Santos, J. C., Meeder, E. M. G., Fröberg, J., Weijers, G., Zhang, Y., Fu, J., Ter Horst, R., Bock, C., Knoll, R., Aschenbrenner, A. C., Schultze, J., … van der Ven, A. J. A. M. (2022). The 2000HIV study: Design, multi‐omics methods and participant characteristics. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 982746. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.982746
Wen, H., Zhu, Z., Hu, T., Li, C., Jiang, T., Li, L., Zhang, L., Fu, Y., Han, S., Wu, B., & Hu, Y. (2023). Unraveling the central and bridge psychological symptoms of people living with HIV: A network analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1024436. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1024436
Willoughby, M., Weinberger, A. H., Shuter, J., & Seng, E. K. (2021). Pain and medication adherence in adult cigarette smokers living with HIV: A cross‐sectional observational study. AIDS Care, 33(11), 1422–1429. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1849530
Wouters, E., Booysen Fle, R., Ponnet, K., & Baron van Loon, F. (2012). Wording effects and the factor structure of the hospital anxiety & depression scale in HIV/AIDS patients on antiretroviral treatment in South Africa. PLoS ONE, 7(4), e34881. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034881
Xiaowen, W., Guangping, G., Ling, Z., Jiarui, Z., Xiumin, L., Zhaoqin, L., Hongzhuan, L., Yuyan, Y., Liyuan, Y., & Lin, L. (2018). Depression and anxiety mediate perceived social support to predict health‐related quality of life in pregnant women living with HIV. AIDS Care, 30(9), 1147–1155. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2018.1456640
Zhu, Z., Guo, M., Dong, T., Han, S., Hu, Y., & Wu, B. (2022). Assessing psychological symptom networks related to HIV‐positive duration among people living with HIV: A network analysis. AIDS Care, 34(6), 725–733. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2021.1929815
Zigmond, A. S., & Snalth, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta psychiatr. scand. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6880820
Zisner, A., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2016). Neural substrates of trait impulsivity, anhedonia, and irritability: Mechanisms of heterotypic comorbidity between externalizing disorders and unipolar depression. Development and Psychopathology, 28, (4 part 1), 1177–1208. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579416000754