Graphene Phase Modulators Operating in the Transparency Regime.

Next-generation data networks need to support Tb/s rates. In-phase and quadrature (IQ) modulation combine phase and intensity information to increase the density of encoded data, reduce overall power consumption by minimizing the number of channels, and increase noise tolerance. To reduce errors when decoding the received signal, intersymbol interference must be minimized. This is achieved with pure phase modulation, where the phase of the optical signal is controlled without changing its intensity. Phase modulators are characterized by the voltage required to achieve a π phase shift,