Infrared thermal imaging for assessing human perspiration and evaluating antiperspirant product efficacy.
Journal
Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
Titre abrégé: Sci Rep
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101563288
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
23 10 2024
23 10 2024
Historique:
received:
08
07
2024
accepted:
23
09
2024
medline:
24
10
2024
pubmed:
24
10
2024
entrez:
24
10
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
In humans, perspiration regulates core body temperature. Therefore, objectively evaluating it is essential for studying sweat gland function and mechanisms, particularly in antiperspirant efficacy studies. Various approaches have been developed for measuring human perspiration and evaluating antiperspirant efficacy, but are unsuitable for robust and routine clinical testing applications. This paper shows how infrared thermography, utilizing both high- and low-resolution modes, functions as a multiscale imaging modality. The high-resolution mode extracts physiological parameters (respiratory ~ 0.3 Hz and heart rate ~ 1.0 Hz) and visualizes the reduction of the sweat pore radii (from 359 ± 155 μm to 161 ± 47 μm) after antiperspirant application, consistent with known mechanisms of pore plugging and constriction induced by aluminum salts. The low-resolution mode quantitatively maps sweat retention in underarm clothing. All study participants in a clinical trial showed reduced sweat retention on their T-shirts due to antiperspirants, with reductions ranging from approximately 37-97% and an average reduction of 77.7 ± 22.1% using the developed methodology and tested antiperspirant. Overall, this non-invasive technique presents significant potential for clinical and personal care product evaluations, particularly in the early stages of product development.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39443511
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-73878-8
pii: 10.1038/s41598-024-73878-8
doi:
Substances chimiques
Antiperspirants
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
24994Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Baker, L. B. Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health. Temperature (Austin) 6(3), 211–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2019.1632145 (2019).
doi: 10.1080/23328940.2019.1632145
pubmed: 31608304
Natsch, A. & Emter, R. The specific biochemistry of human axilla odour formation viewed in an evolutionary context. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 375(1800), 20190269. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0269 (2020).
doi: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0269
pubmed: 32306870
pmcid: 7209930
Callewaert, C., Hutapea, P., Van de Wiele, T. & Boon, N. Deodorants and antiperspirants affect the axillary bacterial community. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 306(8), 701–710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-014-1487-1 (2014).
doi: 10.1007/s00403-014-1487-1
pubmed: 25077920
Corby-Edwards, A.K. FDA regulation of cosmetics and personal care products. Cosmetics and FDA Regulation (2013).
https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/enquiry/request-sample-pdf/deodorant-market-102687
Steinberg, D.C. Regulations of underarm antiperspirants and deodorants. Cosmetic Science and Technology Series 283–304 (1999)
Sanajou, S., Şahin, G. & Baydar, T. Aluminium in cosmetics and personal care products. J. Appl. Toxicol. 41(11), 1704–1718 (2021).
doi: 10.1002/jat.4228
pubmed: 34396567
Maxeiner, B. et al. Design and application of a screening and training protocol for odor testers in the field of personal care products. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 31(3), 193–199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2494.2009.00494.x (2009).
doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2009.00494.x
pubmed: 19563587
Teerasumran, P., Velliou, E., Bai, S. & Cai, Q. Deodorants and antiperspirants: New trends in their active agents and testing methods. Int. J. Cosmetic Sci. (2023).
Fealey, R.D., Low, P.A. & Thomas, J.E. Thermoregulatory sweating abnormalities in diabetes mellitus. Mayo Clinic Proc. 64(6) (1989).
Low, P. A., Caskey, P. E., Tuck, R. R., Fealey, R. D. & Dyck, P. J. Quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test in normal and neuropathic subjects. Ann. Neurol. 14(5), 573–580 (1983).
doi: 10.1002/ana.410140513
pubmed: 6316835
Vetrugno, R., Liguori, R., Cortelli, P. & Montagna, P. Sympathetic skin response: basic mechanisms and clinical applications. Clin. Autonomic research 13, 256–270 (2003).
doi: 10.1007/s10286-003-0107-5
Gibbons, C. H., Illigens, B. M., Centi, J. & Freeman, R. QDIRT: quantitative direct and indirect test of sudomotor function. Neurology 70(24), 2299–2304 (2008).
doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000314646.49565.c0
pubmed: 18541883
Gomez, D. S. et al. A new method for scoring active sweat glands. Clinics 60, 505–506 (2005).
doi: 10.1590/S1807-59322005000600014
pubmed: 16358143
Lee, J. et al. Hydrochromic conjugated polymers for human sweat pore mapping. Nat. Commun. 5(1), 3736 (2014).
doi: 10.1038/ncomms4736
pubmed: 24781362
Priego-Quesada, J. I. et al. A methodology to assess the effect of sweat on infrared thermography data after running: Preliminary study. Infrared Phys. Technol. 109, 103382 (2020).
doi: 10.1016/j.infrared.2020.103382
Park, D. H., Park, B. J. & Kim, J. M. Hydrochromic approaches to mapping human sweat pores. Accounts Chem. Res. 49(6), 1211–1222 (2016).
doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00128
Kato, K. et al. Analysis of sweating by optical coherence tomography in patients with palmoplantar hyperhidrosis. J. Dermatol. 48(3), 334–343 (2021).
doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.15694
pubmed: 33230876
Chen, X., Gasecka, P., Formanek, F., Galey, J. B. & Rigneault, H. In vivo single human sweat gland activity monitoring using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and two-photon excited autofluorescence microscopy. Br. J. Dermatol. 174(4), 803–812 (2016).
doi: 10.1111/bjd.14292
pubmed: 26574296
Raccuglia, M., Heyde, C., Lloyd, A., Hodder, S. & Havenith, G. The use of infrared thermal imaging to measure spatial and temporal sweat retention in clothing. Int. J. Biometeorol. 63, 885–894 (2019).
doi: 10.1007/s00484-019-01701-5
pubmed: 30919096
Krzywicki, A. T., Berntson, G. G. & O’Kane, B. L. A non-contact technique for measuring eccrine sweat gland activity using passive thermal imaging. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 94(1), 25–34 (2014).
doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.06.011
pubmed: 24956027
Jones, B. F. A reappraisal of the use of infrared thermal image analysis in medicine. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 17(6), 1019–1027 (1998).
doi: 10.1109/42.746635
pubmed: 10048859
Pidwirny, M. The Nature of Radiation, Fundamentals of Physical Geography, 2nd Edition, 2006. Retrieved from http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/6f.html . Accessed in October 2023.
English, M. J. M. Physical principles of heat transfer. Curr. Anaesthesia Crit. Care 12(2), 66–71 (2001).
doi: 10.1054/cacc.2001.0331
Branchetti, L., Cattabriga, A. & Levrini, O. Interplay between mathematics and physics to catch the nature of a scientific breakthrough: The case of the blackbody. Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 15(2), 020130 (2019).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.15.020130
Davis, A. P., & Lettington, A. H. (1988). Principles of thermal imaging. Applications of thermal imaging, 1–34.
Chang, Y. & Wang, X. Sweat and odor in sportswear–A review. iScience (2023).
Zhang, X. et al. Contactless simultaneous breathing and heart rate detections in physical activity using IR-UWB radars. Sensors 21(16), 5503 (2021).
doi: 10.3390/s21165503
pubmed: 34450945
pmcid: 8402280
Takano, C. & Ohta, Y. Heart rate measurement based on a time-lapse image. Med. Eng. Phys. 29(8), 853–857 (2007).
doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2006.09.006
pubmed: 17074525
Ferdenzi, C., Schaal, B. & Craig Roberts, S. Human axillary odor: are there side-related perceptual differences?. Chem. Senses 34(7), 565–571 (2009).
doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjp037
pubmed: 19556335
Sakhawoth, Y. et al. Real time observation of the interaction between aluminium salts and sweat under microfluidic conditions. Sci. Rep. 11(1), 6376 (2021).
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85691-8
pubmed: 33737654
pmcid: 7973555
Collins, K. J. Sweat glands: Eccrine and apocrine. In Pharmacology of the Skin I: Pharmacology of Skin Systems Autocoids in Normal and Inflamed Skin, 193–212. Springer (1989).
Shimizu, H. Shimizu’s textbook of dermatology. JA KUBU (2007).
Legner, C. et al. Sweat sensing in the smart wearables era: Towards integrative, multifunctional and body-compliant perspiration analysis. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 296, 200–221 (2019).
doi: 10.1016/j.sna.2019.07.020
Sharma, M., Kacker, S. & Sharma, M. A brief introduction and review on galvanic skin response. Int. J. Med. Res. Prof. 2(6), 13–17 (2016).
Taylor, N. A. & Machado-Moreira, C. A. Regional variations in transepidermal water loss, eccrine sweat gland density, sweat secretion rates and electrolyte composition in resting and exercising humans. Extrem Physiol. Med. 2(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-7648-2-4 (2013).
doi: 10.1186/2046-7648-2-4
pubmed: 23849497
pmcid: 3710196
Sagan, V. et al. UAV-based high resolution thermal imaging for vegetation monitoring, and plant phenotyping using ICI 8640 P, FLIR Vue Pro R 640, and thermoMap cameras. Remote Sens. 11, 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030330 (2019).
doi: 10.3390/rs11030330
Ring, E. F. J. & Ammer, K. Infrared thermal imaging in medicine. Physiol. Measur. 33(3), R33 (2012).
doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/33/3/R33
Meola, C., et al. Infrared thermography: Recent advances and future trends (2018).
Hölzle, E. & Braun Falco, O. Structural changes in axillary eccrine glands following long-term treatment with aluminium chloride hexahydrate solution. Br. J. Dermatol. 110(4), 399–406 (1984).
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1984.tb04653.x
pubmed: 6712884
Quatrale, R., Waldman, A., Rogers, J. & Felger, C. The mechanism of antiperspirant action by aluminum salts. I. The effect of cellophane tape stripping on aluminum salt-inhibited eccrine sweat glands. J. Soc. Cos. Chem. 1981a 32, 67–73 (1981).
Schmidt-Rose, T. et al. Efficient sweat reduction of three different antiperspirant application forms during stress-induced sweating. Int. J. Cosmetic Sci. 35(6), 622–631 (2013).
doi: 10.1111/ics.12086