Management strategies in rheumatoid arthritis.
Journal
Nature reviews. Rheumatology
ISSN: 1759-4804
Titre abrégé: Nat Rev Rheumatol
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101500080
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
24 Oct 2024
24 Oct 2024
Historique:
accepted:
04
09
2024
medline:
25
10
2024
pubmed:
25
10
2024
entrez:
25
10
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has evolved from simply the direct translation of drug efficacy results from clinical trials to patient care, to a more complex longitudinal process that considers not only drug efficacy but also the safety gestalt of a treatment and patient profiles and preferences, as well as health-economic factors. With numerous DMARDs available to treat RA, knowledge about trial efficacy becomes less important than data that inform an appropriate clinical strategy for their optimal selection and use. Overly ambitious approaches targeting the 'maximum' level of success could, for example, be prone to failure and create frustration, and lead to a large number of patients then being considered as 'difficult to treat'. Safety profiles might be more informative than efficacy profiles for precision medicine approaches. Contemporary RA management strategies might therefore take a more holistic approach, beyond merely efficacy, to the setting of targets that lead to improved compliance rather than aspirational successes, with consideration of each patient's multimorbidity profile and preferences, as well as the safety profile of each treatment. Ultimately, the goal remains unchanged: maximizing health-related quality of life; however, with a focus on optimal balance rather than superlatives.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39448800
doi: 10.1038/s41584-024-01169-7
pii: 10.1038/s41584-024-01169-7
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
© 2024. Springer Nature Limited.
Références
Bluhm, G. B. The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with gold. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 5, 147–166 (1975).
pubmed: 810893
doi: 10.1016/0049-0172(75)90003-7
Bunch, T. W. & O’Duffy, J. D. Disease-modifying drugs for progressive rheumatoid arthritis. Mayo Clin. Proc. 55, 161–179 (1980).
pubmed: 6766523
Lee, D. M. & Weinblatt, M. E. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 358, 903–911 (2001).
pubmed: 11567728
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06075-5
Hoes, J. N., Jacobs, J. W. G., Buttgereit, F. & Bijlsma, J. W. J. Current view of glucocorticoid co-therapy with DMARDs in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 6, 693–702 (2010).
pubmed: 21119718
doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2010.179
Doumen, M., Pazmino, S., Bertrand, D., Westhovens, R. & Verschueren, P. Glucocorticoids in rheumatoid arthritis: balancing benefits and harm by leveraging the therapeutic window of opportunity. Joint Bone Spine 90, 105491 (2023).
pubmed: 36410680
doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2022.105491
Weinstein, G. D. Methotrexate. Ann. Intern. Med. 86, 199–204 (1977).
pubmed: 319725
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-86-2-199
Tugwell, P., Bennett, K. & Gent, M. Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Indications, contraindications, efficacy, safety. Ann. Intern. Med. 107, 358–366 (1987).
pubmed: 3304050
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-107-2-358
Weinblatt, M. E. & Kremer, J. M. Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 19, 126–128 (1988).
pubmed: 3042815
doi: 10.1016/S0190-9622(88)80220-2
Fries, J. F., Williams, C. A., Ramey, D. & Bloch, D. A. The relative toxicity of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Arthritis Rheum. 36, 297–306 (1993).
pubmed: 8452574
doi: 10.1002/art.1780360303
Shergy, W. J. et al. Methotrexate-associated hepatotoxicity: retrospective analysis of 210 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Am. J. Med. 85, 771–774 (1988).
pubmed: 3195601
doi: 10.1016/S0002-9343(88)80019-6
Smyth, C. J. Therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. A pyramidal plan. Postgrad. Med. 51, 31–39 (1972).
pubmed: 4555072
doi: 10.1080/00325481.1972.11698261
Fries, J. F. Safety issues related to DMARD therapy. J. Rheumatol. Suppl. 25, 14–17 (1990).
pubmed: 2273518
Aletaha, D. & Smolen, J. S. Diagnosis and management of rheumatoid arthritis: a review. JAMA 320, 1360–1372 (2018).
pubmed: 30285183
doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.13103
Aletaha, D. et al. Reporting disease activity in clinical trials of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: EULAR/ACR collaborative recommendations. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 67, 1360–1364 (2008).
pubmed: 18791055
doi: 10.1136/ard.2008.091454
Felson, D. T. et al. American College of Rheumatology/European League against Rheumatism provisional definition of remission in rheumatoid arthritis for clinical trials. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 404–413 (2011).
pubmed: 21292833
doi: 10.1136/ard.2011.149765
Østergaard, M. et al. Certolizumab pegol, abatacept, tocilizumab or active conventional treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis: 48-week clinical and radiographic results of the investigator-initiated randomised controlled NORD-STAR trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 82, 1286–1295 (2023).
pubmed: 37423647
doi: 10.1136/ard-2023-224116
Verschueren, P. et al. Effectiveness of methotrexate with step-down glucocorticoid remission induction (COBRA Slim) versus other intensive treatment strategies for early rheumatoid arthritis in a treat-to-target approach: 1-year results of CareRA, a randomised pragmatic open-label superiority trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 76, 511–520 (2017).
pubmed: 27432356
doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209212
Gottenberg, J.-E. et al. Non-TNF-targeted biologic vs a second anti-TNF drug to treat rheumatoid arthritis in patients with insufficient response to a first anti-TNF drug: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 316, 1172–1180 (2016).
pubmed: 27654603
doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.13512
Porter, D. et al. Tumour necrosis factor inhibition versus rituximab for patients with rheumatoid arthritis who require biological treatment (ORBIT): an open-label, randomised controlled, non-inferiority, trial. Lancet 388, 239–247 (2016).
pubmed: 27197690
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00380-9
Sokka, T. & Pincus, T. Rheumatoid arthritis: strategy more important than agent. Lancet 374, 430–432 (2009).
pubmed: 19665630
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61432-X
Smolen, J. S. et al. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: 2014 update of the recommendations of an international task force. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 75, 3–15 (2016).
pubmed: 25969430
doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207524
Smolen, J. S. & Aletaha, D. Forget personalised medicine and focus on abating disease activity. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 72, 3–6 (2013).
pubmed: 23136241
doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202361
Pincus, T., Gibson, K. A. & Castrejón, I. Update on methotrexate as the anchor drug for rheumatoid arthritis. Bull. Hosp. Jt Dis. 71, S9–S19 (2013).
Di Matteo, A., Bathon, J. M. & Emery, P. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 402, 2019–2033 (2023).
pubmed: 38240831
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01525-8
Takeuchi, T. Biomarkers as a treatment guide in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Immunol. 186, 59–62 (2018).
pubmed: 28736274
doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.07.019
Aletaha, D. Precision medicine and management of rheumatoid arthritis. J. Autoimmun. 110, 102405 (2020).
pubmed: 32276742
doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102405
Wientjes, M. H. M., den Broeder, A. A., Welsing, P. M. J., Verhoef, L. M. & van den Bemt, B. J. F. Prediction of response to anti-TNF treatment using laboratory biomarkers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. RMD Open 8, e002570 (2022).
pubmed: 36597975
pmcid: 9730399
doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2022-002570
Humby, F. et al. Rituximab versus tocilizumab in anti-TNF inadequate responder patients with rheumatoid arthritis (R4RA): 16-week outcomes of a stratified, biopsy-driven, multicentre, open-label, phase 4 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 397, 305–317 (2021).
pubmed: 33485455
pmcid: 7829614
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32341-2
Rivellese, F. et al. Rituximab versus tocilizumab in rheumatoid arthritis: synovial biopsy-based biomarker analysis of the phase 4 R4RA randomized trial. Nat. Med. 28, 1256–1268 (2022).
pubmed: 35589854
pmcid: 9205785
doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01789-0
Burmester, G. R. & Pope, J. E. Novel treatment strategies in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 389, 2338–2348 (2017).
pubmed: 28612748
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31491-5
Felson, D. T. et al. American College of Rheumatology. Preliminary definition of improvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 38, 727–735 (1995).
pubmed: 7779114
doi: 10.1002/art.1780380602
Konzett, V., Kerschbaumer, A., Smolen, J. S. & Aletaha, D. Determination of the most appropriate ACR response definition for contemporary drug approval trials in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 83, 58–64 (2024).
pubmed: 37758287
doi: 10.1136/ard-2023-224477
Smolen, J. S. & Aletaha, D. Rheumatoid arthritis therapy reappraisal: strategies, opportunities and challenges. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 11, 276–289 (2015).
pubmed: 25687177
doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.8
Lin, C. M. A., Cooles, F. A. H. & Isaacs, J. D. Precision medicine: the precision gap in rheumatic disease. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 18, 725–733 (2022).
pubmed: 36216923
doi: 10.1038/s41584-022-00845-w
Dey, M., Nagy, G. & Nikiphorou, E. Comorbidities and extra-articular manifestations in difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis: different sides of the same coin? Rheumatology 62, 1773–1779 (2023).
pubmed: 36205537
doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac584
Finckh, A. et al. Global epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 18, 591–602 (2022).
pubmed: 36068354
Smolen, J. S., Aletaha, D. & McInnes, I. B. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 388, 2023–2038 (2016).
pubmed: 27156434
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30173-8
Radner, H. et al. The impact of multimorbidity status on treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis patients initiating disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Rheumatology 54, 2076–2084 (2015).
pubmed: 26163688
doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev239
Dey, M., Nagy, G. & Nikiphorou, E. Comorbidities or extra-articular manifestations: time to reconsider the terminology? Rheumatology 61, 3881–3883 (2022).
pubmed: 35244149
doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac134
Baillet, A. et al. Points to consider for reporting, screening for and preventing selected comorbidities in chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases in daily practice: a EULAR initiative. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 75, 965–973 (2016).
pubmed: 26984008
doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209233
Agca, R. et al. EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory joint disorders: 2015/2016 update. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 76, 17–28 (2017).
pubmed: 27697765
doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209775
Sandberg, M. E. C. et al. Overweight decreases the chance of achieving good response and low disease activity in early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 73, 2029–2033 (2014).
pubmed: 24818635
doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-205094
Roodenrijs, N. M. T. et al. Non-adherence in difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis from the perspectives of patients and rheumatologists: a concept mapping study. Rheumatology 60, 5105–5116 (2021).
pubmed: 33560301
doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab130
Battafarano, D. F. et al. 2015 American College of Rheumatology Workforce Study: supply and demand projections of adult rheumatology workforce, 2015-2030. Arthritis Care Res. 70, 617–626 (2018).
doi: 10.1002/acr.23518
Kilian, A., Upton, L. A., Battafarano, D. F. & Monrad, S. U. Workforce trends in rheumatology. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North. Am. 45, 13–26 (2019).
pubmed: 30447742
doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2018.09.002
Tournadre, A., Pereira, B., Gossec, L., Soubrier, M. & Dougados, M. Impact of comorbidities on fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis patients: results from a nurse-led program for comorbidities management (COMEDRA). Joint Bone Spine 86, 55–60 (2019).
pubmed: 30025953
doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2018.06.010
Katz, J. & Bartels, C. M. Multimorbidity in rheumatoid arthritis: literature review and future directions. Curr. Rheumatol. Rep. 26, 24–35 (2024).
pubmed: 37995046
doi: 10.1007/s11926-023-01121-w
Gossec, L. et al. Screening for and management of comorbidities after a nurse-led program: results of a 3-year longitudinal study in 769 established rheumatoid arthritis patients. RMD Open 5, e000914 (2019).
pubmed: 31275607
pmcid: 6579559
doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2019-000914
Singh, J. A. et al. Risk of serious infection in biological treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 386, 258–265 (2015).
pubmed: 25975452
pmcid: 4580232
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61704-9
Sepriano, A. et al. Safety of synthetic and biological DMARDs: a systematic literature review informing the 2022 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 82, 107–118 (2023).
pubmed: 36376026
doi: 10.1136/ard-2022-223357
Di Martino, V. et al. Busting the myth of methotrexate chronic hepatotoxicity. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 19, 96–110 (2023).
pubmed: 36564450
doi: 10.1038/s41584-022-00883-4
Chung, E. S. et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-α, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure: results of the anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure (ATTACH) trial. Circulation 107, 3133–3140 (2003).
pubmed: 12796126
doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000077913.60364.D2
Mann, D. L. et al. Targeted anticytokine therapy in patients with chronic heart failure: results of the Randomized Etanercept Worldwide Evaluation (RENEWAL). Circulation 109, 1594–1502 (2004).
pubmed: 15023878
doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000124490.27666.B2
Do, T. T. H. et al. Glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance is related to macrophage visceral adipose tissue infiltration. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 185, 150–162 (2019).
pubmed: 30145227
doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.08.010
Curtis, B. R. Non-chemotherapy drug-induced neutropenia: key points to manage the challenges. Hematology Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program 2017, 187–193 (2017).
pubmed: 29222255
pmcid: 6142577
doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2017.1.187
de Germay, S., Bagheri, H., Despas, F., Rousseau, V. & Montastruc, F. Abatacept in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of cancer: a world observational post-marketing study. Rheumatology 59, 2360–2367 (2020).
pubmed: 31880308
doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez604
Ytterberg, S. R. et al. Cardiovascular and cancer risk with tofacitinib in rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 386, 316–326 (2022).
pubmed: 35081280
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2109927
Seror, R. et al. Pattern of demyelination occurring during anti-TNF-α therapy: a French national survey. Rheumatology 52, 868–874 (2013).
pubmed: 23287362
doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes375
Fraenel, L. et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 73, 1108–1123 (2021).
doi: 10.1002/art.41752
Narváez, J. et al. SER-SEPAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease. Part 2: treatment. Reumatol. Clin. 18, 501–512 (2022).
pubmed: 36064885
doi: 10.1016/j.reuma.2022.03.005
Yu, K.-H. et al. Consensus recommendations on managing the selected comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Medicine 101, e28501 (2022).
pubmed: 35029907
pmcid: 8735742
doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000028501
Salaffi, F., Di Carlo, M., Farah, S. & Carotti, M. Adherence to subcutaneous anti-TNFα agents in patients with rheumatoid arthritis is largely influenced by pain and skin sensations at the injection site. Int. J. Rheum. Dis. 23, 480–487 (2020).
pubmed: 32124567
doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.13803
Hsieh, P.-H. et al. Economic burden of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of literature in biologic era. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 79, 771–777 (2020).
pubmed: 32245893
doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216243
Smolen, J. S. et al. A simplified disease activity index for rheumatoid arthritis for use in clinical practice. Rheumatology 42, 244–257 (2003).
pubmed: 12595618
doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keg072
Aletaha, D. et al. Acute phase reactants add little to composite disease activity indices for rheumatoid arthritis: validation of a clinical activity score. Arthritis Res. Ther. 7, R796–R806 (2005).
pubmed: 15987481
pmcid: 1175030
doi: 10.1186/ar1740
van der Heijde, D. M., Van ’t Hof, M., van Riel, P. L. & van de Putte, L. B. Development of a disease activity score based on judgment in clinical practice by rheumatologists. J. Rheumatol. 20, 579–581 (1993).
pubmed: 8478878
Prevoo, M. L. et al. Modified disease activity scores that include twenty-eight-joint counts. Development and validation in a prospective longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 38, 44–48 (1995).
pubmed: 7818570
doi: 10.1002/art.1780380107
Grigor, C. et al. Effect of a treatment strategy of tight control for rheumatoid arthritis (the TICORA study): a single-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 364, 263–269 (2004).
pubmed: 15262104
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16676-2
Kavanaugh, A. et al. Clinical, functional and radiographic consequences of achieving stable low disease activity and remission with adalimumab plus methotrexate or methotrexate alone in early rheumatoid arthritis: 26-week results from the randomised, controlled OPTIMA study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 72, 64–71 (2013).
pubmed: 22562973
doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-201247
Keystone, E. C., Kavanaugh, A., Weinblatt, M. E., Patra, K. & Pangan, A. L. Clinical consequences of delayed addition of adalimumab to methotrexate therapy over 5 years in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 38, 855–862 (2011).
pubmed: 21285171
doi: 10.3899/jrheum.100752
Klarenbeek, N. B. et al. Association with joint damage and physical functioning of nine composite indices and the 2011 ACR/EULAR remission criteria in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 1815–1821 (2011).
pubmed: 21813548
doi: 10.1136/ard.2010.149260
Schipper, L. G. et al. Meta-analysis of tight control strategies in rheumatoid arthritis: protocolized treatment has additional value with respect to the clinical outcome. Rheumatology 49, 2154–2164 (2010).
pubmed: 20671022
doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq195
Aletaha, D. et al. Rheumatoid arthritis joint progression in sustained remission is determined by disease activity levels preceding the period of radiographic assessment. Arthritis Rheum. 60, 1242–1249 (2009).
pubmed: 19404938
doi: 10.1002/art.24433
van Leeuwen, M. A. et al. Interrelationship of outcome measures and process variables in early rheumatoid arthritis. A comparison of radiologic damage, physical disability, joint counts, and acute phase reactants. J. Rheumatol. 21, 425–429 (1994).
pubmed: 7516430
Gul, H. L., Ferreira, J. F. & Emery, P. Remission in rheumatoid arthritis: is it all the same? Expert. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 8, 575–586 (2015).
pubmed: 26131966
doi: 10.1586/17512433.2015.1061429
Mankia, K., Gul, H. & Emery, P. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to an imaging target produces better outcomes, or does it? Rheumatology 60, 3–4 (2021).
pubmed: 33175981
doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa659
Haavardsholm, E. A. et al. Ultrasound in management of rheumatoid arthritis: ARCTIC randomised controlled strategy trial. BMJ 354, i4205 (2016).
pubmed: 27530741
pmcid: 4986519
doi: 10.1136/bmj.i4205
Dale, J. et al. Targeting ultrasound remission in early rheumatoid arthritis: the results of the TaSER study, a randomised clinical trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 75, 1043–1050 (2016).
pubmed: 27026689
doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208941
Møller-Bisgaard, S. et al. Effect of magnetic resonance imaging vs conventional treat-to-target strategies on disease activity remission and radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis: the IMAGINE-RA randomized clinical trial. JAMA 321, 461–472 (2019).
pubmed: 30721294
pmcid: 6440221
doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.21362
Smolen, J. S. et al. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: recommendations of an international task force. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 69, 631–637 (2010).
pubmed: 20215140
doi: 10.1136/ard.2009.123919
Buch, M. H. Defining refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 77, 966–969 (2018).
pubmed: 29588276
doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212862
Gossec, L., Dougados, M. & Dixon, W. Patient-reported outcomes as end points in clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis. RMD Open 1, e000019 (2015).
pubmed: 26509052
pmcid: 4613162
doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2014-000019
Studenic, P. et al. Testing different thresholds for patient global assessment in defining remission for rheumatoid arthritis: are the current ACR/EULAR Boolean criteria optimal? Ann. Rheum. Dis. 79, 445–452 (2020).
pubmed: 32024651
doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216529
Studenic, P. et al. American College of Rheumatology/EULAR remission criteria for rheumatoid arthritis: 2022 revision. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 82, 74–80 (2023).
pubmed: 36280238
doi: 10.1136/ard-2022-223413
Studenic, P., Radner, H., Smolen, J. S. & Aletaha, D. Discrepancies between patients and physicians in their perceptions of rheumatoid arthritis disease activity. Arthritis Rheum. 64, 2814–2823 (2012).
pubmed: 22810704
doi: 10.1002/art.34543
Smolen, J. S. et al. Radiographic changes in rheumatoid arthritis patients attaining different disease activity states with methotrexate monotherapy and infliximab plus methotrexate: the impacts of remission and tumour necrosis factor blockade. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 68, 823–827 (2009).
pubmed: 18593759
doi: 10.1136/ard.2008.090019
Smolen, J. S. et al. Evidence of radiographic benefit of treatment with infliximab plus methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients who had no clinical improvement: a detailed subanalysis of data from the anti-tumor necrosis factor trial in rheumatoid arthritis with concomitant therapy study. Arthritis Rheum. 52, 1020–1030 (2005).
pubmed: 15818697
doi: 10.1002/art.20982
Landewé, R., van der Heijde, D., Klareskog, L., van Vollenhoven, R. & Fatenejad, S. Disconnect between inflammation and joint destruction after treatment with etanercept plus methotrexate: results from the trial of etanercept and methotrexate with radiographic and patient outcomes. Arthritis Rheum. 54, 3119–3125 (2006).
pubmed: 17009230
doi: 10.1002/art.22143
Smolen, J. S., Avila, J. C. M. & Aletaha, D. Tocilizumab inhibits progression of joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis irrespective of its anti-inflammatory effects: disassociation of the link between inflammation and destruction. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 71, 687–693 (2012).
pubmed: 22121130
doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200395
Aletaha, D., Alasti, F. & Smolen, J. S. Rituximab dissociates the tight link between disease activity and joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 72, 7–12 (2013).
pubmed: 22915619
doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201970
Lopez-Romero, P., de la Torre, I., Haladyj, E., Aletaha, D. & Smolen, J. S. Baricitinib further enhances disease-modifying effects by uncoupling the link between disease activity and joint structural progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 81, 622–631 (2022).
pubmed: 35193872
doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-221323
Binder, N. B. et al. Tumor necrosis factor-inhibiting therapy preferentially targets bone destruction but not synovial inflammation in a tumor necrosis factor-driven model of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 65, 608–617 (2013).
pubmed: 23280418
doi: 10.1002/art.37797
Listing, J. et al. Clinical and functional remission: even though biologics are superior to conventional DMARDs overall success rates remain low-results from RABBIT, the German biologics register. Arthritis Res. Ther. 8, R66 (2006).
pubmed: 16600016
pmcid: 1526636
doi: 10.1186/ar1933
Gaujoux-Viala, C. et al. Suboptimal management of rheumatoid arthritis in France: a real-world study based on data from the French National Health Data System. RMD Open 9, e003075 (2023).
pubmed: 37914177
pmcid: 10619049
doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003075
Olsen, I. C. et al. Assessments of the unmet need in the management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: analyses from the NOR-DMARD registry. Rheumatology 58, 481–491 (2019).
pubmed: 30508189
doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/key338
Brinkmann, G. H. et al. Treat to target strategy in early rheumatoid arthritis versus routine care – a comparative clinical practice study. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 48, 808–814 (2019).
pubmed: 30205983
doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.07.004
Gärtner, M. et al. Persistence of subclinical sonographic joint activity in rheumatoid arthritis in sustained clinical remission. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 74, 2050–2053 (2015).
pubmed: 25977561
doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-207212
Pareto, V. Cours d’Économie Politique Nouvelle édition par Bousquet, G.-H. et Busino, G. 313–315 (Droz, 1964).
Goekoop-Ruiterman, Y. P. M. et al. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of four different treatment strategies in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (the BeSt study): a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 58, S126–S135 (2008).
pubmed: 18240203
doi: 10.1002/art.23364
Heimans, L. et al. A two-step treatment strategy trial in patients with early arthritis aimed at achieving remission: the IMPROVED study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 73, 1356–1361 (2014).
pubmed: 23716067
doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203243
Bathon, J. M. & Genovese, M. C. The Early Rheumatoid Arthritis (ERA) trial comparing the efficacy and safety of etanercept and methotrexate. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 21, S195–S197 (2003).
pubmed: 14969076
Lee, E. B. et al. Tofacitinib versus methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 370, 2377–2386 (2014).
pubmed: 24941177
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1310476
Roodenrijs, N. M. T. et al. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic strategies in difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis. RMD Open 7, e001512 (2021).
pubmed: 33419871
pmcid: 7798678
doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001512
Busby, A. D. et al. The role of comorbidities alongside patient and disease characteristics in long-term disease activity in RA using UK inception cohort data. Rheumatology 61, 4297–4304 (2022).
pubmed: 35258566
pmcid: 9629371
doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac139
Bertsias, A. et al. Patterns of comorbidities differentially affect long-term functional evolution and disease activity in patients with “difficult to treat” rheumatoid arthritis. RMD Open 10, e003808 (2024).
pubmed: 38242549
pmcid: 10806522
doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003808
Kjørholt, K. E. et al. Effects of tapering conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs to drug-free remission versus stable treatment in rheumatoid arthritis (ARCTIC REWIND): 3-year results from an open-label, randomised controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Rheumatol. 6, e268–e278 (2024).
pubmed: 38583450
doi: 10.1016/S2665-9913(24)00021-3
Tascilar, K. et al. Treatment tapering and stopping in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in stable remission (RETRO): a multicentre, randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Rheumatol. 3, e767–e777 (2021).
pubmed: 38297524
doi: 10.1016/S2665-9913(21)00220-4
Smolen, J. S. et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2022 update. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 82, 3–18 (2023).
pubmed: 36357155
doi: 10.1136/ard-2022-223356
Gerriets, V., Goyal, A. & Khaddour, K. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (StatPearls, 2024).
Buch, M. H. et al. Updated consensus statement on the use of rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 909–920 (2011).
pubmed: 21378402
doi: 10.1136/ard.2010.144998
Burmester, G. R. et al. Safety profile of upadacitinib over 15 000 patient-years across rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and atopic dermatitis. RMD Open 9, e002735 (2023).
pubmed: 36754548
pmcid: 9923346
doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2022-002735
Winthrop, K. L. The emerging safety profile of JAK inhibitors in rheumatic disease. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 13, 234–243 (2017).
pubmed: 28250461
doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2017.23
Montastruc, F. et al. Abatacept initiation in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of cancer: a population-based comparative cohort study. Rheumatology 58, 683–691 (2019).
pubmed: 30535094
doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/key352
Simon, T. A. et al. Comparative risk of malignancies and infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis initiating abatacept versus other biologics: a multi-database real-world study. Arthritis Res. Ther. 21, 228 (2019).
pubmed: 31703717
pmcid: 6839238
doi: 10.1186/s13075-019-1992-x
Kastrati, K. et al. A systematic literature review informing the consensus statement on efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatment with interleukin-6 pathway inhibition with biological DMARDs in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. RMD Open 8, e002359 (2022).
pubmed: 36260501
pmcid: 9462104
doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2022-002359
Rempenault, C. et al. Risk of diverticulitis and gastrointestinal perforation in rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab compared to rituximab or abatacept. Rheumatology 61, 953–962 (2022).
pubmed: 33993216
doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab438
Smolen, J. S. et al. Safety profile of baricitinib in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis with over 2 years median time in treatment. J. Rheumatol. 46, 7–18 (2019).
pubmed: 30219772
doi: 10.3899/jrheum.171361
Hoisnard, L. et al. Adverse events associated with JAK inhibitors in 126,815 reports from the WHO pharmacovigilance database. Sci. Rep. 12, 7140 (2022).
pubmed: 35504889
pmcid: 9065106
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10777-w
Aringer, M. & Smolen, J. S. TNF inhibition in SLE: where do we stand? Lupus 18, 5–8 (2009).
pubmed: 19074162
doi: 10.1177/0961203308098190
Charles, P. J., Smeenk, R. J., De Jong, J., Feldmann, M. & Maini, R. N. Assessment of antibodies to double-stranded DNA induced in rheumatoid arthritis patients following treatment with infliximab, a monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor α: findings in open-label and randomized placebo-controlled trials. Arthritis Rheum. 43, 2383–2390 (2000).
pubmed: 11083258
doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200011)43:11<2383::AID-ANR2>3.0.CO;2-D
Kaltsonoudis, E., Voulgari, P. V., Konitsiotis, S. & Drosos, A. A. Demyelination and other neurological adverse events after anti-TNF therapy. Autoimmun. Rev. 13, 54–58 (2014).
pubmed: 24035809
doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.09.002
Winkelmann, A., Patejdl, R., Wagner, S., Benecke, R. & Zettl, U. K. Cerebral MRI lesions and anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy. J. Neurol. 255, 109–114 (2008).
pubmed: 19300970
doi: 10.1007/s00415-008-6020-z
Buch, M. H., Johnsen, A. & Schiff, M. Can switching to abatacept therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis on background methotrexate reverse TNF-inhibitor-induced antinuclear autoantibody/double-stranded DNA autoantibody conversion? An analysis of the AMPLE and ATTEST trials. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 37, 127–132 (2019).
pubmed: 30148437
Bonelli, M. M., Mrak, D., Perkmann, T., Haslacher, H. & Aletaha, D. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in rituximab-treated patients: evidence for impaired humoral but inducible cellular immune response. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 80, 1355–1356 (2021).
pubmed: 33958323
doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220408
Mrak, D. et al. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in rituximab-treated patients: B cells promote humoral immune responses in the presence of T-cell-mediated immunity. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 80, 1345–1350 (2021).
pubmed: 34285048
doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220781