Multifaceted Properties of Usnic Acid in Disrupting Cancer Hallmarks.

Cancer, a complex group of diseases marked by uncontrolled cell growth and invasive behavior, is characterized by distinct hallmarks acquired during tumor development. These hallmarks, first proposed by Douglas Hanahan and Robert Weinberg in 2000, provide a framework for understanding cancer's complexity. Targeting them is a key strategy in cancer therapy. It includes inhibiting abnormal signaling, reactivating growth suppressors, preventing invasion and metastasis, inhibiting angiogenesis, limiting replicative immortality, modulating the immune system, inducing apoptosis, addressing genome instability and regulating cellular energetics. Usnic acid (UA) is a natural compound found in lichens that has been explored as a cytotoxic agent against cancer cells of different origins. Although the exact mechanisms remain incompletely understood, UA presents a promising compound for therapeutic intervention. Understanding its impact on cancer hallmarks provides valuable insights into the potential of UA in developing targeted and multifaceted cancer therapies. This article explores UA activity in the context of disrupting hallmarks in cancer cells of different origins based on recent articles that emphasize the molecular mechanisms of this activity.