Recent Advances in Antifreeze Peptide Preparation: A Review.

Antifreeze agents play a critical role in various fields including tissue engineering, gene therapy, therapeutic protein production, and transplantation. Commonly used antifreeze agents such as DMSO and other organic substances are known to have cytotoxic effects. Antifreeze proteins sourced from cold-adapted organisms offer a promising solution by inhibiting ice crystal formation; however, their effectiveness is hindered by a dynamic ice-shaping (DIS) effect and thermal hysteresis (TH) properties. In response to these limitations, antifreeze peptides (AFPs) have been developed as alternatives to antifreeze proteins, providing similar antifreeze properties without the associated drawbacks. This review explores the methods for acquiring AFPs, with a particular emphasis on chemical synthesis. It aims to offer valuable insights and practical implications to drive the realm of sub-zero storage.