A single treatment with a fluralaner injectable suspension (Bravecto
Ectoparasites
Flea
Injectable
Injection
Long-acting
Tick
Year-round efficacy
Isoxazoline
Year-round protection
Journal
Parasites & vectors
ISSN: 1756-3305
Titre abrégé: Parasit Vectors
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101462774
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
26 Oct 2024
26 Oct 2024
Historique:
received:
21
08
2024
accepted:
11
10
2024
medline:
27
10
2024
pubmed:
27
10
2024
entrez:
27
10
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.) and Ctenocephalides felis are among the most important year-round ectoparasites of dogs. The persistent efficacy of one treatment with fluralaner injectable suspension (Bravecto A total of 20 dogs were randomly allocated to two equal groups (treatment and control). Treatment-group dogs were injected subcutaneously on study day 0 with the investigational veterinary product at the recommended dose of 15 mg fluralaner/kg body weight (0.1 mL/kg), whereas the control group dogs received saline solution (0.1 mL/kg). Each dog was infested with 50 (25 female, 25 male) adult R. sanguineus s.l. and 100 adult C. felis 2 days before treatment, 5 and 28 days after treatment, and then once monthly for a 12-month period. Live tick and flea counts were performed 48 h after treatment or subsequent infestation, respectively. Efficacy was determined by comparing arithmetic means of the treatment group tick and flea counts with those of the control group. Infestation was considered adequate if at least 25.0% of ticks and 40.0% of fleas were recovered from at least six dogs in the control group at the respective assessment times. Adequate R. sanguineus s.l. and C. felis infestations of control group dogs were observed at each time point. Arithmetic mean treatment group values were significantly lower than those of the control group at all time points. The immediate efficacy when treating existing infestations of R. sanguineus s.l. and C. felis (infestation 2 days before treatment), was 49.7% and 89.7%, respectively. The persistent efficacy against post-treatment re-infestations was 94.4-100% against R. sanguineus s.l. and 92.2-100% against C. felis. Seven dogs in the control group developed flea allergy dermatitis due to the repeated re-infestations over the study period, whereas no dogs in the treatment group were affected. No clinically relevant side effects were observed over the entire study period. The fluralaner injectable suspension (Bravecto
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.) and Ctenocephalides felis are among the most important year-round ectoparasites of dogs. The persistent efficacy of one treatment with fluralaner injectable suspension (Bravecto
METHODS
METHODS
A total of 20 dogs were randomly allocated to two equal groups (treatment and control). Treatment-group dogs were injected subcutaneously on study day 0 with the investigational veterinary product at the recommended dose of 15 mg fluralaner/kg body weight (0.1 mL/kg), whereas the control group dogs received saline solution (0.1 mL/kg). Each dog was infested with 50 (25 female, 25 male) adult R. sanguineus s.l. and 100 adult C. felis 2 days before treatment, 5 and 28 days after treatment, and then once monthly for a 12-month period. Live tick and flea counts were performed 48 h after treatment or subsequent infestation, respectively. Efficacy was determined by comparing arithmetic means of the treatment group tick and flea counts with those of the control group. Infestation was considered adequate if at least 25.0% of ticks and 40.0% of fleas were recovered from at least six dogs in the control group at the respective assessment times.
RESULTS
RESULTS
Adequate R. sanguineus s.l. and C. felis infestations of control group dogs were observed at each time point. Arithmetic mean treatment group values were significantly lower than those of the control group at all time points. The immediate efficacy when treating existing infestations of R. sanguineus s.l. and C. felis (infestation 2 days before treatment), was 49.7% and 89.7%, respectively. The persistent efficacy against post-treatment re-infestations was 94.4-100% against R. sanguineus s.l. and 92.2-100% against C. felis. Seven dogs in the control group developed flea allergy dermatitis due to the repeated re-infestations over the study period, whereas no dogs in the treatment group were affected. No clinically relevant side effects were observed over the entire study period.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
The fluralaner injectable suspension (Bravecto
Identifiants
pubmed: 39462404
doi: 10.1186/s13071-024-06535-8
pii: 10.1186/s13071-024-06535-8
doi:
Substances chimiques
Isoxazoles
0
A1443 compound
0
Acaricides
0
Suspensions
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
438Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Van Wyk CL, Mtshali S, Ramatla T, Lekota KE, Xuan X, Thekisoe O. Distribution of Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Heamaphysalis elliptica dog ticks and pathogens they are carrying: a systematic review. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep. 2024;47:100969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100969 .
doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100969
Slapeta J, Halliday B, Chandra S, Alanazi AD, Abdel-Shafy S. Rhipicephalus linnaei (Audouin 1826) recognised as the “tropical lineage” of the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato: neotype designation, redescription, and establishment of morphological and molecular reference. Tick Tick Borne Dis. 2022;13:102024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102024 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102024
Hansford KM, Phipps LP, Cull B, Pietzsch ME, Medlock JM. Rhipicephalus sanguineus importation into the UK: surveillance, risk, public health awareness and one health response. Vet Rec. 2017;180:119. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.104061 .
doi: 10.1136/vr.104061
pubmed: 27999153
Fachet K, Lindau A, Mackenstedt U. Ungebetenes Souvenir—der Hund als Transportmittel für Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. In: Conference proceeding of the 6. Süddeutscher Zeckenkongress 2022; Hohenheim, Germany.
Dantas-Torres F. Biology and ecology of the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Parasit Vectors. 2010;3:26; https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-3-26 .
doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-26
pubmed: 20738865
pmcid: 2936393
Dongus H, Zahler M, Gothe R. The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Ixodidae), in Germany: an epidemiologic study and control measures. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1996;109:245–8.
pubmed: 8765542
Hansford KM, Pietzsch M, Cull B, Medlock JM. Brown dog tick infestation of a home in England. Vet Rec. 2015;176:129–30. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.h496 .
doi: 10.1136/vr.h496
pubmed: 25634925
Szymanski S. Case of mass infestation with mites of genus Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreile, 1806) in a Warsaw apartment. Wiad Parazytol. 1979;25:453–9.
pubmed: 516736
Prosl H, Kutzer E. Zur Verbreitung der braunen Hundezecke Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille 1806) in Österreich und deren Bekämpfungsmöglichkeiten. Mitt Österr Ges Tropenmed Parasitol. 1986;8:173–9.
Péter O, Burgdorfer W, Aeschlimann A, Chatelanat P. Rickettsia conorii isolated from Rhipicephalus sanguineus introduced into Switzerland on a pet dog. Z Parasitenkd. 1984;70:265–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00942229 .
doi: 10.1007/BF00942229
pubmed: 6202074
Farrell S, McGarry J, Noble PM, Pinchbeck GJ, Cantwell S, Radford AD, et al. Seasonality and other risk factors for fleas infestations in domestic dogs and cats. Med Vet Entomol. 2023;37:359–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12636 .
doi: 10.1111/mve.12636
pubmed: 36621899
pmcid: 10946788
Dryden MW, Rust MK. The cat flea: biology, ecology and control. Vet Parasitol. 1994;52:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(94)90031-0 .
doi: 10.1016/0304-4017(94)90031-0
pubmed: 8030176
Abdullah S, Helps C, Tasker S, Newbury H, Wall R. Pathogens in fleas collected from cats and dogs: distribution and prevalence in the UK. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3326-x .
doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3326-x
pubmed: 30728050
pmcid: 6366081
Diakou A, Sofroniou D, Paoletti B, Tamvakis A, Kolencik S, Dimzas D, et al. Ticks, fleas, and harboured pathogens from dogs and cats in Cyprus. Pathogens. 2022;11:1403. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121403 .
doi: 10.3390/pathogens11121403
pubmed: 36558737
pmcid: 9786688
Farkas R, Gyurkovszky M, Solymosi N, Beugnet F. Prevalence of flea infestation in dogs and cats in Hungary combined with a survey of owner awareness. Med Vet Entomol. 2009;23:187–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2009.00798.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2009.00798.x
pubmed: 19712149
Rinaldi L, Spera G, Musella V, Carbone S, Veneziano V, Iori A, et al. A survey of fleas on dogs in southern Italy. Vet Parasitol. 2007;148:375–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.06.036 .
doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.06.036
pubmed: 17683867
Lam A, Yu A. Overview of flea allergy dermatitis. Compend Contin Educ Vet. 2009;31:E1-10.
pubmed: 19517416
Guzman RF. A survey of cats and dogs for fleas: with particular reference to their role as intermediate hosts of Dipylidium caninum. N Z Vet J. 1984;32:71–3. https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1984.35067 .
doi: 10.1080/00480169.1984.35067
pubmed: 16031050
Fisara P, Guerino F. Year-round efficacy of a single treatment of fluralaner injectable suspension (Bravecto Quantum
doi: 10.1186/s13071-023-05960-5
pubmed: 37872632
pmcid: 10594708
Fisara P, Guerino F. Year-round efficacy of a single treatment of fluralaner injectable suspension (Bravecto Quantum
doi: 10.1186/s13071-023-05951-6
pubmed: 37872632
pmcid: 10594708
European Commission: Union register of veterinary medicinal products. Product information Bravecto. 2024. https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/v158.htm . Accessed 11 Apr 2024.
VICH. 9: Good clinical practice. Veterinary international cooperation on harmonization, European agency for the evaluation of medicinal products, London, CVMP/VICH/595/98-Final. 2000.
EMA. Guidelines for the testing and evaluation of the efficacy of antiparasitic substances for the treatment and prevention of tick and flea infestation in dogs and cats—revision 3. Veterinary international cooperation on harmonization, European agency for the evaluation of medicinal products, London, EMEA/CVMP/EWP/005/2000-Rev3. 2016.
Marchiondo AA, Holdsworth PA, Fourie LJ, Rugg D, Hellmann K, Snyder DE, et al. World association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) second edition: guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of parasiticides for the treatment, prevention and control of flea and tick infestations on dogs and cats. Vet Parasitol. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.02.003 .
doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.02.003
pubmed: 24433852
EMA. Guideline on statistical principles for clinical trials for veterinary medicinal products (pharmaceuticals)—revision 1. Veterinary international cooperation on harmonization, European agency for the evaluation of medicinal products, London, EMA/CVMP/EWP/81976/2010 Rev1. 2022.
Dryden MW. Flea and tick control in the 21st century: challenges and opportunities. Vet Dermatol. 2009;20:435–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00838.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00838.x
pubmed: 20178481
Eckstein RA, Hart BL. Grooming and control of fleas in cats. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 2000;68:141–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1591(00)00095-2 .
doi: 10.1016/s0168-1591(00)00095-2
pubmed: 10771322
Wilkerson MJ, Bagladi-Swanson M, Wheeler DW, Floyd-Hawkins K, Craig C, Lee KW, et al. The immunopathogenesis of flea allergy dermatitis in dogs, an experimental study. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2004;99:179–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.02.006 .
doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.02.006
pubmed: 15135984
Halos L, Beugnet F, Cardoso L, Farkas R, Franc M, Guillot J, et al. Flea control failure? Myths and realities. Trend Parasitol. 2014;30:228–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2014.02.007 .
doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.02.007
Labruna MB, Doretto JS, de Araujo Nascimento OC, Barufi FB, Rosa SC, Osowski GV, et al. Efficacy of either orally administered fluralaner or topically administered imidacloprid/flumethrin for controlling Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato premises infestations. Parasit Vectors. 2023;16:414. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-06028-0 .
doi: 10.1186/s13071-023-06028-0
pubmed: 37964390
pmcid: 10647063
Dantas-Torres F, Giannelli A, Otranto D. Starvation and overwinter do not affect the reproductive fitness of Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Vet Parasitol. 2012;185:260–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.10.005 .
doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.10.005
pubmed: 22075042
Jacobs PA, Fourie LJ, Horak IG. A laboratory comparison of the life cycles of the dog ticks Haemaphysalis leachi and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2004;71:15–28.
pubmed: 15185571
Koch HG, Tuck MD. Molting and survival of the brown dog tick (Acari: Ixodidae) under different temperatures and humidities. Ann Entomol Soc Am. 1986;79:11–4. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/79.1.11 .
doi: 10.1093/aesa/79.1.11
Tian Y, Lord CC, Taylor CE, Kaufman PE. Using environmental factors to predict Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (Acari: Ixodidae) mortality. Pest Manag Sci. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.7479 .
doi: 10.1002/ps.7479
pubmed: 38018281
Wong S, Elsheikha H, Dryden M. Flea product efficacy, pet owners’ adherence and treatment failure: what’s the connection? Co Anim. 2021;26:182–90.
doi: 10.12968/coan.2021.0006
Beck S, Schreiber C, Schein E, Krucken J, Baldermann C, Pachnicke S, et al. Tick infestation and prophylaxis of dogs in northeastern Germany: a prospective study. Tick Tick Borne Dis. 2014;5:336–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.12.009 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.12.009
Lavan R, Armstrong R, Burgio F, Tunceli K. Duration of annual canine flea and tick protection provided by dog owners in Spain. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:458.
doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-3043-x
pubmed: 30086779
pmcid: 6081898
Day MJ, Horzinek MC, Schultz RD, Squires RA. Vaccination guidelines group of the world small animal veterinary A. WSAVA guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract. 2016;57 1:E1-E45. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.2_12431 .
doi: 10.1111/jsap.2_12431
pubmed: 26780857
pmcid: 7166872