Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Replacement for Asymptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis.

Journal

The New England journal of medicine
ISSN: 1533-4406
Titre abrégé: N Engl J Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0255562

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
28 Oct 2024
Historique:
medline: 28 10 2024
pubmed: 28 10 2024
entrez: 28 10 2024
Statut: aheadofprint

Résumé

For patients with asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, current guidelines recommend routine clinical surveillance every 6 to 12 months. Data from randomized trials examining whether early intervention with transcatheter aortic-valve replacement (TAVR) will improve outcomes in these patients are lacking. At 75 centers in the United States and Canada, we randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, patients with asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis to undergo early TAVR with transfemoral placement of a balloon-expandable valve or clinical surveillance. The primary end point was a composite of death, stroke, or unplanned hospitalization for cardiovascular causes. Superiority testing was performed in the intention-to-treat population. A total of 901 patients underwent randomization; 455 patients were assigned to TAVR and 446 to clinical surveillance. The mean age of the patients was 75.8 years, the mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality score was 1.8% (on a scale from 0 to 100%, with higher scores indicating a greater risk of death within 30 days after surgery), and 83.6% of patients were at low surgical risk. A primary end-point event occurred in 122 patients (26.8%) in the TAVR group and in 202 patients (45.3%) in the clinical surveillance group (hazard ratio, 0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.40 to 0.63; P<0.001). Death occurred in 8.4% of the patients assigned to TAVR and in 9.2% of the patients assigned to clinical surveillance, stroke occurred in 4.2% and 6.7%, respectively, and unplanned hospitalization for cardiovascular causes occurred in 20.9% and 41.7%. During a median follow-up of 3.8 years, 87.0% of patients in the clinical surveillance group underwent aortic-valve replacement. There were no apparent differences in procedure-related adverse events between patients in the TAVR group and those in the clinical surveillance group who underwent aortic-valve replacement. Among patients with asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis, a strategy of early TAVR was superior to clinical surveillance in reducing the incidence of death, stroke, or unplanned hospitalization for cardiovascular causes. (Funded by Edwards Lifesciences; EARLY TAVR ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03042104.).

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND BACKGROUND
For patients with asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, current guidelines recommend routine clinical surveillance every 6 to 12 months. Data from randomized trials examining whether early intervention with transcatheter aortic-valve replacement (TAVR) will improve outcomes in these patients are lacking.
METHODS METHODS
At 75 centers in the United States and Canada, we randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, patients with asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis to undergo early TAVR with transfemoral placement of a balloon-expandable valve or clinical surveillance. The primary end point was a composite of death, stroke, or unplanned hospitalization for cardiovascular causes. Superiority testing was performed in the intention-to-treat population.
RESULTS RESULTS
A total of 901 patients underwent randomization; 455 patients were assigned to TAVR and 446 to clinical surveillance. The mean age of the patients was 75.8 years, the mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality score was 1.8% (on a scale from 0 to 100%, with higher scores indicating a greater risk of death within 30 days after surgery), and 83.6% of patients were at low surgical risk. A primary end-point event occurred in 122 patients (26.8%) in the TAVR group and in 202 patients (45.3%) in the clinical surveillance group (hazard ratio, 0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.40 to 0.63; P<0.001). Death occurred in 8.4% of the patients assigned to TAVR and in 9.2% of the patients assigned to clinical surveillance, stroke occurred in 4.2% and 6.7%, respectively, and unplanned hospitalization for cardiovascular causes occurred in 20.9% and 41.7%. During a median follow-up of 3.8 years, 87.0% of patients in the clinical surveillance group underwent aortic-valve replacement. There were no apparent differences in procedure-related adverse events between patients in the TAVR group and those in the clinical surveillance group who underwent aortic-valve replacement.
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS
Among patients with asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis, a strategy of early TAVR was superior to clinical surveillance in reducing the incidence of death, stroke, or unplanned hospitalization for cardiovascular causes. (Funded by Edwards Lifesciences; EARLY TAVR ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03042104.).

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2405880 PMID: 39466903
pubmed: 39466903
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2405880
doi:

Banques de données

ClinicalTrials.gov
['NCT03042104']

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2024 Massachusetts Medical Society.

Auteurs

Philippe Généreux (P)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Allan Schwartz (A)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

J Bradley Oldemeyer (JB)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Philippe Pibarot (P)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

David J Cohen (DJ)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Philipp Blanke (P)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Brian R Lindman (BR)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).
ORCID: 0000-0002-6879-5343

Vasilis Babaliaros (V)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

William F Fearon (WF)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

David V Daniels (DV)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Adnan K Chhatriwalla (AK)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Clifford Kavinsky (C)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Hemal Gada (H)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Pinak Shah (P)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Molly Szerlip (M)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Thom Dahle (T)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Kashish Goel (K)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

William O'Neill (W)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Tej Sheth (T)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Charles J Davidson (CJ)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Raj R Makkar (RR)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Heather Prince (H)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Yanglu Zhao (Y)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Rebecca T Hahn (RT)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Jonathon Leipsic (J)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Björn Redfors (B)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Stuart J Pocock (SJ)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Michael Mack (M)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Martin B Leon (MB)

From Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.); Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (A.S., R.T.H., M.B.L.), the Cardiovascular Research Foundation (D.J.C., R.T.H., B.R., M.B.L.), and Weill Cornell Medicine (B.R.), New York, and St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn (D.J.C.) - all in New York; University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland (J.B.O.); Laval University, Quebec, QC (P.P.), St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (P.B., J.L.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.S.) - all in Canada; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (B.R.L., K.G.); Emory University, Atlanta (V.B.); the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford (W.F.F.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (W.F.F.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (D.V.D.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (H.P., Y.Z.) - all in California; Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (A.K.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (C.K.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.S.) - both in Boston; Pinnacle Health Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA (H.G.); Baylor Scott and White The Heart Hospital Plano, Plano, TX (M.S., M.M.); CentraCare Heart and Vascular Center, St. Cloud, MN (T.D.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (W.O.); Northwestern University, Chicago (C.J.D.); Gothenburg University/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (S.J.P.).

Classifications MeSH