Comparison of blood flow restriction training rehabilitation and general rehabilitation exercise after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Lysholm score cross‐sectional area extensor muscle torque quadriceps muscle strength range of motion

Journal

Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA
ISSN: 1433-7347
Titre abrégé: Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 9314730

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
30 Oct 2024
Historique:
revised: 11 10 2024
received: 08 09 2024
accepted: 19 10 2024
medline: 30 10 2024
pubmed: 30 10 2024
entrez: 30 10 2024
Statut: aheadofprint

Résumé

Blood flow restriction training (BFRT) has been found to reduce quadriceps atrophy and weakness after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery. However, the clinical benefit of BFRT as compared to general rehabilitation exercise (GRE) alone remains uncertain. This study aimed to compare the effects of BFRT and GRE on ACL reconstruction rehabilitation through a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Elsevier and Biosis were searched for randomized controlled trials comparing BFRT and GRE following ACL reconstruction. Primary outcomes included muscle strength (extensor and flexor muscle general strength), Lysholm score, the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, extensor muscle torque (peak torque and average torque) and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). The secondary outcomes included a range of motion (ROM), pain, Y-balance and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Thirteen randomized controlled trials involving 376 participants were included. The change in muscle strength (Mean difference, MD: 12.96, 95% confidence interval, [95% CI]: 7.02-18.91, heterogeneity, I BFRT seems to perform better than GRE in terms of functional improvement and muscle strength following ACL reconstruction, but there seems to be no significant difference between them in terms of joint mobility, pain relief, stability improvement and patient's perception of their disease and treatment. Level II.

Identifiants

pubmed: 39474850
doi: 10.1002/ksa.12527
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Subventions

Organisme : The Foundation of Health Commission of Hunan Province
ID : 202204074821
Organisme : Natural Science Foundation of Changsha
ID : kq2202434

Informations de copyright

© 2024 European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy.

Références

Álvarez, C.B., Santamaría, P. I.‐K., Fernández‐Matías, R., Pecos‐Martín, D., Achalandabaso‐Ochoa, A. & Fernández‐Carnero, S. et al. (2020) Comparison of blood flow restriction training versus non‐occlusive training in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction or knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10, Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10010068
Armijo‐Olivo, S., Stiles, C.R., Hagen, N.A., Biondo, P.D. & Cummings, G.G. (2012) Assessment of study quality for systematic reviews: a comparison of the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool and the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool: methodological research. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 18, 12–18. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01516.x
Arms, S.W., Pope, M.H., Johnson, R.J., Fischer, R.A., Arvidsson, I. & Eriksson, E. (1984) The biomechanics of anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation and reconstruction. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 12, 8–18. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/036354658401200102
Arvidsson, I., Eriksson, E., Knutsson, E. & Arnér, S. (1986) Reduction of pain inhibition on voluntary muscle activation by epidural analgesia. Orthopedics, 9, 1415–1419. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3928/0147-7447-19861001-13
Barber‐Westin, S. & Noyes, F.R. (2019) Blood flow‐restricted training for lower extremity muscle weakness due to knee pathology: a systematic review. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 11, 69–83. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738118811337
Bemben, M.G., Mitcheltree, K.M., Larson, R.D., Ross, D., Cavazos, C., Friedlander, B. et al. (2019) Can blood flow restricted exercise improve ham:quad ratios better than traditional training? International Journal of Exercise Science, 12, 1080–1093. Available from: https://doi.org/10.70252/NOIA5666
Brandner, C.R., Warmington, S.A. & Kidgell, D.J. (2015) Corticomotor excitability is increased following an acute bout of blood flow restriction resistance exercise. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 652. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00652
Caetano, D., Oliveira, C., Correia, C., Barbosa, P., Montes, A. & Carvalho, P. (2021) Rehabilitation outcomes and parameters of blood flow restriction training in ACL injury: a scoping review. Physical Therapy in Sport, 49, 129–137. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.01.015
Centner, C., Mauch, M., Paul, J. & Ritzmann, R. (2020) Evidenz‐basierte effekte von blood flow restriction training in der rehabilitation von kniearthrose und kreuzbandrupturen: ein systematisches review. Sports Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 36, 131–142. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orthtr.2020.04.009
Charles, D., White, R., Reyes, C. & Palmer, D. (2020) A systematic review of the effects of blood flow restriction training on quadriceps muscle atrophy and circumference post ACL reconstruction. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 15, 882–891. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26603/ijspt20200882
Chen, R.E., Papuga, M.O., Voloshin, I., Nicandri, G.T., Goldblatt, J.P., Bronstein, R.D. et al. (2018) Preoperative PROMIS scores predict postoperative outcomes after primary ACL reconstruction. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 6, 2325967118771286. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118771286
Colombo, V., Valenčič, T., Steiner, K., Škarabot, J., Folland, J., O'Sullivan, O. et al. (2024) Comparison of blood flow restriction interventions to standard rehabilitation after an anterior cruciate ligament injury: a systematic review. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 3635465241232002. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465241232002
Cuffe, M., Novak, J., Saithna, A., Strohmeyer, H.S. & Slaven, E. (2022) Current trends in blood flow restriction. Frontiers in Physiology, 13, 882472. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.882472
Curley, A., Galel, A., Fryar, C., Lewis, J., Wang, D., Fackler, N. et al. (2021) Early use of blood flow restriction training with low‐intensity exercises following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction improves quadriceps strength and post‐operative pain: a randomized controlled trial. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967121S00226
Curran, M.T., Bedi, A., Mendias, C.L., Wojtys, E.M., Kujawa, M.V. & Palmieri‐Smith, R.M. (2020) Blood flow restriction training applied with high‐intensity exercise does not improve quadriceps muscle function after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 48, 825–837. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546520904008
Devana, S.K., Solorzano, C.A., Vail, J., Jackson, N., Pham, D. & Jones, K.J. (2024) Outcomes of blood flow restriction training after ACL reconstruction in NCAA division I athletes. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 12, 23259671241248589. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671241248589
Erickson, L.N., Lucas, K.C.H., Davis, K.A., Jacobs, C.A., Thompson, K.L., Hardy, P.A. et al. (2019) Effect of blood flow restriction training on quadriceps muscle strength, morphology, physiology, and knee biomechanics before and after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: protocol for a randomized clinical trial. Physical Therapy, 99, 1010–1019. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzz062
Fraca‐Fernández, E., Ceballos‐Laita, L., Hernández‐Lázaro, H., Jiménez‐Del‐Barrio, S., Mingo‐Gómez, M.T., Medrano‐de‐la‐Fuente, R. et al. (2024) Effects of blood flow restriction training in patients before and after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 12, 1231. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12121231
Garber, C.E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M.R., Franklin, B.A., Lamonte, M.J., Lee, I.M. et al. (2011) Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43, 1334–1359. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb
García‐Rodríguez, P., Pecci, J., Vázquez‐González, S. & Pareja‐Galeano, H. (2024) Acute and chronic effects of blood flow restriction training in physically active patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review. Sports Health, 16, 820–828. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381231208636
Gopinatth, V., Garcia, J.R., Reid, I.K., Knapik, D.M., Verma, N.N. & Chahla, J. (2024) Blood flow restriction enhances recovery after anterior cruciate ligament Reconstruction: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, S0749–8063. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2024.05.032
Grootswagers, P., Vaes, A.M.M., Hangelbroek, R., Tieland, M., van Loon, L. & de Groot, L. (2022) Relative validity and reliability of isometric lower extremity strength assessment in older adults by using a handheld dynamometer. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 14, 899–905. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381211063847
Guo, E.W., Cross, A.G., Hessburg, L., Koolmees, D., Bernstein, D.N., Elhage, K.G. et al. (2021) The presence of preoperative depression symptoms does not hinder recovery after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 9, 2325967120970219. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120970219
Hasegawa, M.E., Delos Reyes, C.D., Rimm, J.B., Radi, J.K., Singh, D.S. & Obana, K.K. et al. (2023) Update on current concepts of blood flow restriction in the perioperative period of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Orthopedics, 46, e333–e340. Available from:https://doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20230804-02
Herman, Z.J., Greiner, J.J., Kaarre, J., Drain, N.P., Hughes, J.D., Lesniak, B.P. et al. (2024) Real world’ clinical implementation of blood flow restriction therapy does not increase quadriceps strength after quadriceps tendon autograft ACL reconstruction. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 32, 1953–1960. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/ksa.12217
Higgins, J.P.T. (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta‐analyses. BMJ, 327, 557–560. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557
Higgins, J.P.T. & Thompson, S.G. (2002) Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 21, 1539–1558. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1186
Huang, C.C., Chen, W.S., Tsai, M.W. & Wang, W.T. (2017) Comparing the Chinese versions of two knee‐specific questionnaires (IKDC and KOOS): reliability, validity, and responsiveness. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 15, 238. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-017-0814-6
Hughes, L., Paton, B., Rosenblatt, B., Gissane, C. & Patterson, S.D. (2017) Blood flow restriction training in clinical musculoskeletal rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51, 1003–1011. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097071
Hughes, L., Patterson, S.D., Haddad, F., Rosenblatt, B., Gissane, C., McCarthy, D. et al. (2019) Examination of the comfort and pain experienced with blood flow restriction training during post‐surgery rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction patients: a UK National Health Service trial. Physical Therapy in Sport, 39, 90–98. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.06.014
Hughes, L., Rosenblatt, B., Haddad, F., Gissane, C., McCarthy, D., Clarke, T. et al. (2019) Comparing the effectiveness of blood flow restriction and traditional heavy load resistance training in the post‐surgery rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction patients: a UK national health service randomised controlled trial. Sports Medicine, 49, 1787–1805. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01137-2
Hurley, M.V. (1997) The effects of joint damage on muscle function, proprioception and rehabilitation. Manual Therapy, 2, 11–17. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1054/math.1997.0281
Hwang, P.S. & Willoughby, D.S. (2019) Mechanisms behind blood flowr‐restricted training and its effect toward muscle growth. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33, S167–S179. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002384
Ivarsson, A. & Cronström, A. (2022) Agreement between isokinetic dynamometer and hand‐held isometric dynamometer as measures to detect lower limb asymmetry in muscle torque after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 17, 1307–1317. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.39798
Iversen, E. & Røstad, V. (2010) Low‐load ischemic exercise‐induced rhabdomyolysis. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 20, 218–219. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181df8d10
Iversen, E., Røstad, V. & Larmo, A. (2016) Intermittent blood flow restriction does not reduce atrophy following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Journal of sport and health science, 5, 115–118. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2014.12.005
Jack, R.N., Lambert, B.S., Hedt, C.A., Delgado, D., Goble, H. & McCulloch, P.C. (2023) Blood flow restriction therapy preserves lower extremity bone and muscle mass after ACL reconstruction. Sports Health, 15, 361–371. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381221101006
Jung, W.S., Kim, S.H., Nam, S.S., Kim, J.W. & Moon, H.W. (2022) Effects of rehabilitation exercise with blood flow restriction after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Applied Sciences, 12, 12058. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312058
Kacin, A., Drobnič, M., Marš, T., Miš, K., Petrič, M., Weber, D. et al. (2021) Functional and molecular adaptations of quadriceps and hamstring muscles to blood flow restricted training in patients with ACL rupture. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 31, 1636–1646. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13968
Khalil, A.A., Fayaz, N.A., Fawzy, E., Mohamed, N.A., Waly, A.H. & Mohammed, M.M. (2023) Influence of blood flow restriction training on knee pain after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a double blinded randomized controlled trial. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30, E30–E38. Available from: http://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.07.005
Khalil, L., Jildeh, T., Abbas, M., Buckley, P., Moutzouros, V., Okoroha, K. et al. (2022) Paper 21: blood flow restriction therapy improves early patient reported outcomes following ACL reconstruction. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 10, 2325967121S00559. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967121S00559
Kim, J.S., Hwang, U.J., Choi, M.Y., Kong, D.H., Chung, K.S., Ha, J.K. et al. (2022) Correlation between Y‐balance test and balance, functional performance, and outcome measures in patients following ACL reconstruction. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 17, 193–200. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.31873
La, A., Nadarajah, V., Jauregui, J.J., Shield, W.P., Medina, S.H., Dubina, A.G. et al. (2020) Clinical characteristics associated with depression or anxiety among patients presenting for knee surgery. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma, 11, S164–S170. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2019.08.009
Lasevicius, T., Ugrinowitsch, C., Schoenfeld, B.J., Roschel, H., Tavares, L.D., De Souza, E.O. et al. (2018) Effects of different intensities of resistance training with equated volume load on muscle strength and hypertrophy. European Journal of Sport Science, 18, 772–780. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1450898
Lepley, A.S. & Lepley, L.K. (2022) Mechanisms of arthrogenic muscle inhibition. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 31, 707–716. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2020-0479
Li, X., Li, J., Qing, L., Wang, H., Ma, H. & Huang, P. (2023) Effect of quadriceps training at different levels of blood flow restriction on quadriceps strength and thickness in the mid‐term postoperative period after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized controlled external pilot study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 24, 360. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-023-06483-x
Lixandrão, M.E., Ugrinowitsch, C., Berton, R., Vechin, F.C., Conceição, M.S., Damas, F. et al. (2018) Magnitude of muscle strength and mass adaptations between high‐load resistance training versus low‐load resistance training associated with blood‐flow restriction: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Sports Medicine, 48, 361–378. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0795-y
Lu, Y., Patel, B.H., Kym, C., Nwachukwu, B.U., Beletksy, A., Forsythe, B. et al. (2020) Perioperative blood flow restriction rehabilitation in patients undergoing ACL reconstruction: a systematic review. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 8, 2325967120906822. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120906822
McCormack, H.M., de L. Horne, D.J. & Sheather, S. (1988) Clinical applications of visual analogue scales: a critical review. Psychological Medicine, 18, 1007–1019. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700009934
Ménétrey, J., Duthon, V.B., Laumonier, T. & Fritschy, D. (2008) Biological failure of the anterior cruciate ligament graft. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 16, 224–231. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-007-0474-x
Musahl, V. & Karlsson, J. (2019) Anterior cruciate ligament tear. New England Journal of Medicine, 380, 2341–2348. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1805931
Neves, R.P., Vechin, F.C., Teixeira, E.L., daSilva, D.D., Ugrinowitsch, C., Roschel, H. et al. (2022) Effect of different training frequencies on maximal strength performance and muscle hypertrophy in trained individuals‐a within‐subject design. PLoS One, 17, 0276154. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276154
Ohta, H., Kurosawa, H., Ikeda, H., Iwase, Y., Satou, N. & Nakamura, S. (2003) Low‐load resistance muscular training with moderate restriction of blood flow after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 74, 62–68. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00016470310013680
Okoroha, K.R., Tramer, J.S., Khalil, L.S., Jildeh, T.R., Abbas, M.J., Buckley, P.J. et al. (2023) Effects of a perioperative blood flow restriction therapy program on early quadriceps strength and patient‐reported outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 11, 23259671231209694. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671231209694
Palmieri‐Smith, R.M., Kreinbrink, J., Ashton‐Miller, J.A. & Wojtys, E.M. (2007) Quadriceps inhibition induced by an experimental knee joint effusion affects knee joint mechanics during a single‐legged drop landing. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 35, 1269–1275. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546506296417
Patterson, S.D. & Brandner, C.R. (2018) The role of blood flow restriction training for applied practitioners: a questionnaire‐based survey. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36, 123–130. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1284341
Pearson, S.J. & Hussain, S.R. (2015) A review on the mechanisms of blood‐flow restriction resistance training‐induced muscle hypertrophy. Sports Medicine, 45, 187–200. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0264-9
Pietrosimone, B., Lepley, A.S., Kuenze, C., Harkey, M.S., Hart, J.M., Blackburn, J.T. et al. (2022) Arthrogenic muscle inhibition following anterior cruciate ligament injury. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 31, 694–706. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2021-0128
Prill, R., Karlsson, J., Ayeni, O.R. & Becker, R. (2021) Author guidelines for conducting systematic reviews and meta‐analyses. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 29, 2739–2744. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-021-06631-7
Prill, R., Królikowska, A., de Girolamo, L., Becker, R. & Karlsson, J. (2023) Checklists, risk of bias tools, and reporting guidelines for research in orthopedics, sports medicine, and rehabilitation. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 31, 3029–3033. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-023-07442-8
Prue, J., Roman, D.P., Giampetruzzi, N.G., Fredericks, A., Lolic, A., Crepeau, A. et al. (2022) Side effects and patient tolerance with the use of blood flow restriction training after ACL reconstruction in adolescents: a pilot study. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 17, 347–354. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.32479
Sanders, T.L., Maradit Kremers, H., Bryan, A.J., Larson, D.R., Dahm, D.L., Levy, B.A. et al. (2016) Incidence of anterior cruciate ligament tears and reconstruction: a 21‐year population‐based study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 44, 1502–1507. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546516629944
Siegel, L., Vandenakker‐Albanese, C. & Siegel, D. (2012) Anterior cruciate ligament injuries: anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, and management. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 22, 349–355. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3182580cd0
Spada, J.M., Paul, R.W. & Tucker, B.S. (2022) Blood flow restriction training preserves knee flexion and extension torque following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review. Journal of Orthopaedics, 34, 233–239. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jor.2022.08.031
Tabata, S., Suzuki, Y., Azuma, K. & Matsumoto, H. (2016) Rhabdomyolysis after performing blood flow restriction training: a case report. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30, 2064–2068. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001295
Takarada, Y., Takazawa, H. & ISHII, N. (2000) Applications of vascular occlusion diminish disuse atrophy of knee extensor muscles. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32, 2035–2039. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200012000-00011
Telfer, S., Calhoun, J., Bigham, J., Mand, S., Gellert, J., Hagen, M. et al. (2021) Biomechanical effects of blood flow restriction training after ACL reconstruction. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 53, 115–123. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002437
Tim‐Yun ong, M., Fu, S.C., Mok, S.W., Franco‐Obregón, A., Lok‐Sze Yam, S. & Shu‐Hang Yung, P. (2022) Persistent quadriceps muscle atrophy after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is associated with alterations in exercise‐induced myokine production. Asia‐Pacific Journal of Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation and Technology, 29, 35–42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asmart.2022.05.001
Tramer, J.S., Khalil, L.S., Jildeh, T.R., Abbas, M.J., McGee, A., Lau, M.J. et al. (2023) Blood flow restriction therapy for 2 weeks prior to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction did not impact quadriceps strength compared to standard therapy. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 39, 373–381. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2022.06.027
Vieira de Melo, R.F., Komatsu, W.R., Freitas, M., Vieira de Melo, M.E. & Cohen, M. (2022) Comparison of quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength after exercises with and without blood flow restriction following anterior cruciate ligament surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 54, jrm00337. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2340/jrm.v54.2550

Auteurs

Luozhifei Zhou (L)

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Department of Rehabilitation, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.

Benjamin Rothrauff (B)

The Steadman Clinic and Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.

Lili Chen (L)

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.

Shirong Jin (S)

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.

Sixian He (S)

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.

Jinshen He (J)

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.

Classifications MeSH