Universal control of four singlet-triplet qubits.
Journal
Nature nanotechnology
ISSN: 1748-3395
Titre abrégé: Nat Nanotechnol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101283273
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
31 Oct 2024
31 Oct 2024
Historique:
received:
29
12
2023
accepted:
26
09
2024
medline:
1
11
2024
pubmed:
1
11
2024
entrez:
1
11
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
The coherent control of interacting spins in semiconductor quantum dots is of strong interest for quantum information processing and for studying quantum magnetism from the bottom up. Here we present a 2 × 4 germanium quantum dot array with full and controllable interactions between nearest-neighbour spins. As a demonstration of the level of control, we define four singlet-triplet qubits in this system and show two-axis single-qubit control of each qubit and SWAP-style two-qubit gates between all neighbouring qubit pairs, yielding average single-qubit gate fidelities of 99.49(8)-99.84(1)% and Bell state fidelities of 73(1)-90(1)%. Combining these operations, we experimentally implement a circuit designed to generate and distribute entanglement across the array. A remote Bell state with a fidelity of 75(2)% and concurrence of 22(4)% is achieved. These results highlight the potential of singlet-triplet qubits as a competing platform for quantum computing and indicate that scaling up the control of quantum dot spins in extended bilinear arrays can be feasible.
Identifiants
pubmed: 39482413
doi: 10.1038/s41565-024-01817-9
pii: 10.1038/s41565-024-01817-9
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Subventions
Organisme : EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)
ID : 882848
Organisme : EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)
ID : 882848
Organisme : EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)
ID : 882848
Organisme : EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)
ID : 882848
Organisme : EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)
ID : 882848
Organisme : EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)
ID : 882848
Organisme : Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research)
ID : VI.Veni.212.223.
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Vandersypen, L. et al. Interfacing spin qubits in quantum dots and donors—hot, dense, and coherent. npj Quantum Inf. 3, 34 (2017).
doi: 10.1038/s41534-017-0038-y
Heinrich, A. J. et al. Quantum-coherent nanoscience. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16, 1318–1329 (2021).
pubmed: 34845333
doi: 10.1038/s41565-021-00994-1
Gonzalez-Zalba, M. et al. Scaling silicon-based quantum computing using CMOS technology. Nat. Electron. 4, 872–884 (2021).
doi: 10.1038/s41928-021-00681-y
Chatterjee, A. et al. Semiconductor qubits in practice. Nat. Rev. Phys. 3, 157–177 (2021).
doi: 10.1038/s42254-021-00283-9
Stano, P. & Loss, D. Review of performance metrics of spin qubits in gated semiconducting nanostructures. Nat. Rev. Phys. 4, 672–688 (2022).
doi: 10.1038/s42254-022-00484-w
Burkard, G., Ladd, T. D., Pan, A., Nichol, J. M. & Petta, J. R. Semiconductor spin qubits. Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 025003 (2023).
doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.95.025003
Xue, X. et al. Quantum logic with spin qubits crossing the surface code threshold. Nature 601, 343–347 (2022).
pubmed: 35046604
pmcid: 8770146
doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04273-w
Noiri, A. et al. Fast universal quantum gate above the fault-tolerance threshold in silicon. Nature 601, 338–342 (2022).
pubmed: 35046603
doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04182-y
Mills, A. R. et al. Two-qubit silicon quantum processor with operation fidelity exceeding 99%. Sci. Adv. 8, eabn5130 (2022).
pubmed: 35385308
pmcid: 8986105
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abn5130
Hensgens, T. et al. Quantum simulation of a Fermi–Hubbard model using a semiconductor quantum dot array. Nature 548, 70–73 (2017).
pubmed: 28770852
doi: 10.1038/nature23022
Dehollain, J. P. et al. Nagaoka ferromagnetism observed in a quantum dot plaquette. Nature 579, 528–533 (2020).
pubmed: 32123352
doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2051-0
van Diepen, C. J. et al. Quantum simulation of antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chain with gate-defined quantum dots. Phys. Rev. X 11, 041025 (2021).
Wang, C.-A. et al. Probing resonating valence bonds on a programmable germanium quantum simulator. npj Quantum Inf. 9, 58 (2023).
doi: 10.1038/s41534-023-00727-3
Philips, S. G. et al. Universal control of a six-qubit quantum processor in silicon. Nature 609, 919–924 (2022).
pubmed: 36171383
pmcid: 9519456
doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05117-x
Hendrickx, N. W. et al. A four-qubit germanium quantum processor. Nature 591, 580–585 (2021).
pubmed: 33762771
doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03332-6
Weinstein, A. J. et al. Universal logic with encoded spin qubits in silicon. Nature 615, 817–822 (2023).
pubmed: 36746190
pmcid: 10060158
doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-05777-3
Jang, W. et al. Individual two-axis control of three singlet–triplet qubits in a micromagnet integrated quantum dot array. Appl. Phys. Lett. 117, 234001 (2020).
doi: 10.1063/5.0031231
Fedele, F. et al. Simultaneous operations in a two-dimensional array of singlet-triplet qubits. PRX Quantum 2, 040306 (2021).
doi: 10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.040306
Mortemousque, P.-A. et al. Coherent control of individual electron spins in a two-dimensional quantum dot array. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16, 296–301 (2021).
pubmed: 33349684
doi: 10.1038/s41565-020-00816-w
Levy, J. Universal quantum computation with spin-1/2 pairs and Heisenberg exchange. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 147902 (2002).
pubmed: 12366076
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.147902
Petta, J. R. et al. Coherent manipulation of coupled electron spins in semiconductor quantum dots. Science 309, 2180–2184 (2005).
pubmed: 16141370
doi: 10.1126/science.1116955
Maune, B. M. et al. Coherent singlet–triplet oscillations in a silicon-based double quantum dot. Nature 481, 344–347 (2012).
pubmed: 22258613
doi: 10.1038/nature10707
Wu, X. et al. Two-axis control of a singlet–triplet qubit with an integrated micromagnet. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 11938–11942 (2014).
pubmed: 25092298
pmcid: 4143001
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1412230111
Jirovec, D. et al. A singlet–triplet hole spin qubit in planar Ge. Nat. Mater. 20, 1106–1112 (2021).
pubmed: 34083775
doi: 10.1038/s41563-021-01022-2
Takeda, K. et al. Optimized electrical control of a Si/SiGe spin qubit in the presence of an induced frequency shift. npj Quantum Inf. 4, 54 (2018).
doi: 10.1038/s41534-018-0105-z
Undseth, B. et al. Hotter is easier: unexpected temperature dependence of spin qubit frequencies. Phys. Rev. X 13, 041015 (2023).
Undseth, B. et al. Nonlinear response and crosstalk of electrically driven silicon spin qubits. Phys. Rev. Appl. 19, 044078 (2023).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.19.044078
Ono, K., Austing, D., Tokura, Y. & Tarucha, S. Current rectification by Pauli exclusion in a weakly coupled double quantum dot system. Science 297, 1313–1317 (2002).
pubmed: 12142438
doi: 10.1126/science.1070958
Cerfontaine, P. et al. Closed-loop control of a GaAs-based singlet–triplet spin qubit with 99.5% gate fidelity and low leakage. Nat. Commun. 11, 4144 (2020).
pubmed: 32811818
pmcid: 7434764
doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17865-3
Shulman, M. D. et al. Demonstration of entanglement of electrostatically coupled singlet–triplet qubits. Science 336, 202–205 (2012).
pubmed: 22499942
doi: 10.1126/science.1217692
Nichol, J. M. et al. High-fidelity entangling gate for double-quantum-dot spin qubits. npj Quantum Inf. 3, 3 (2017).
doi: 10.1038/s41534-016-0003-1
Cerfontaine, P., Otten, R., Wolfe, M., Bethke, P. & Bluhm, H. High-fidelity gate set for exchange-coupled singlet–triplet qubits. Phys. Rev. B 101, 155311 (2020).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.101.155311
Qiao, H. et al. Floquet-enhanced spin swaps. Nat. Commun. 12, 2142 (2021).
pubmed: 33837187
pmcid: 8035411
doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22415-6
Chanrion, E. et al. Charge detection in an array of CMOS quantum dots. Phys. Rev. Appl. 14, 024066 (2020).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.14.024066
Duan, J. et al. Remote capacitive sensing in two-dimensional quantum-dot arrays. Nano Lett. 20, 7123–7128 (2020).
pubmed: 32946244
doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02393
Hsiao, T.-K. et al. Exciton transport in a germanium quantum dot ladder. Phys. Rev. X 14, 011048 (2024).
Borsoi, F. et al. Shared control of a 16 semiconductor quantum dot crossbar array. Nat. Nanotechnol. 19, 21–27 (2024).
Neyens, S. et al. Probing single electrons across 300-mm spin qubit wafers. Nature 629, 80–85 (2024).
pubmed: 38693414
pmcid: 11062914
doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07275-6
Scappucci, G. et al. The germanium quantum information route. Nat. Rev. Mater. 6, 926–943 (2021).
doi: 10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z
Petta, J., Lu, H. & Gossard, A. A coherent beam splitter for electronic spin states. Science 327, 669–672 (2010).
pubmed: 20133567
doi: 10.1126/science.1183628
Jirovec, D. et al. Dynamics of hole singlet–triplet qubits with large g-factor differences. Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 126803 (2022).
pubmed: 35394319
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.126803
Mutter, P. M. & Burkard, G. All-electrical control of hole singlet–triplet spin qubits at low-leakage points. Phys. Rev. B 104, 195421 (2021).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.104.195421
Cai, X., Connors, E. J., Edge, L. F. & Nichol, J. M. Coherent spin–valley oscillations in silicon. Nat. Physics 19, 386–393 (2023).
doi: 10.1038/s41567-022-01870-y
Rooney, J. et al. Gate modulation of the hole singlet–triplet qubit frequency in germanium. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.10188 (2023).
Lodari, M. et al. Low percolation density and charge noise with holes in germanium. Mater. Quantum Technol. 1, 011002 (2021).
doi: 10.1088/2633-4356/abcd82
Bertrand, B. et al. Quantum manipulation of two-electron spin states in isolated double quantum dots. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 096801 (2015).
pubmed: 26371672
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.096801
Hendrickx, N. et al. A single-hole spin qubit. Nat. Commun. 11, 3478 (2020).
pubmed: 32651363
pmcid: 7351715
doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17211-7
Martins, F. et al. Noise suppression using symmetric exchange gates in spin qubits. Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 116801 (2016).
pubmed: 27035316
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.116801
Reed, M. D. et al. Reduced sensitivity to charge noise in semiconductor spin qubits via symmetric operation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 110402 (2016).
pubmed: 27035289
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.110402
Lawrie, W. et al. Simultaneous single-qubit driving of semiconductor spin qubits at the fault-tolerant threshold. Nat. Commun. 14, 3617 (2023).
pubmed: 37336892
pmcid: 10279658
doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39334-3
Nielsen, E. et al. Probing quantum processor performance with pyGSTi. Quantum Sci. Technol. 5, 044002 (2020).
doi: 10.1088/2058-9565/ab8aa4
Mądzik, M. T. et al. Precision tomography of a three-qubit donor quantum processor in silicon. Nature 601, 348–353 (2022).
pubmed: 35046601
doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04292-7
Wang, C.-A. et al. Operating semiconductor quantum processors with hopping spins. Science 385, 447–452 (2024).
pubmed: 39052794
doi: 10.1126/science.ado5915
Fernández-Fernández, D., Ban, Y. & Platero, G. Quantum control of hole spin qubits in double quantum dots. Phys. Rev. Appl. 18, 054090 (2022).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.18.054090
Berritta, F. et al. Real-time two-axis control of a spin qubit. Nat. Commun. 15, 1676 (2024).
pubmed: 38395978
pmcid: 10891052
doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-45857-0
Ha, W. et al. A flexible design platform for Si/SiGe exchange-only qubits with low disorder. Nano Lett. 22, 1443–1448 (2021).
pubmed: 34806894
doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03026
Dagotto, E. & Rice, T. Surprises on the way from one-to two-dimensional quantum magnets: the ladder materials. Science 271, 618–623 (1996).
doi: 10.1126/science.271.5249.618
Zhang, X. et al. Dataset underlying the manuscript: Universal control of four singlet–triplet qubits. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12801188 (2024).