questionsmedicales.fr
Système stomatognathique
Bouche
Lèvre
Lèvre : Questions médicales fréquentes
Termes MeSH sélectionnés :
Diagnostic
5
Infection
Lèvre
Diagnostic
Allergie
Lèvre
Test cutané
Symptômes
5
Inflammation
Lèvre
Symptômes
Infection virale
Lèvre
Symptômes
Prévention
5
Allergie
Lèvre
Prévention
Traitements
5
Infection
Lèvre
Antibiotiques
Allergie
Lèvre
Antihistaminiques
Complications
5
Infection
Lèvre
Complications
Fissure
Lèvre
Complications
Cancer
Lèvre
Complications
Allergie
Lèvre
Complications
Herpès
Lèvre
Complications
Facteurs de risque
5
Herpès
Lèvre
Facteurs de risque
Fissure
Lèvre
Facteurs de risque
Infection
Lèvre
Facteurs de risque
Cancer
Lèvre
Facteurs de risque
Allergie
Lèvre
Facteurs de risque
{
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@graph": [
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Lèvre : Questions médicales les plus fréquentes",
"headline": "Lèvre : Comprendre les symptômes, diagnostics et traitements",
"description": "Guide complet et accessible sur les Lèvre : explications, diagnostics, traitements et prévention. Information médicale validée destinée aux patients.",
"datePublished": "2024-02-22",
"dateModified": "2025-02-16",
"inLanguage": "fr",
"medicalAudience": [
{
"@type": "MedicalAudience",
"name": "Grand public",
"audienceType": "Patient",
"healthCondition": {
"@type": "MedicalCondition",
"name": "Lèvre"
},
"suggestedMinAge": 18,
"suggestedGender": "unisex"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalAudience",
"name": "Médecins",
"audienceType": "Physician",
"geographicArea": {
"@type": "AdministrativeArea",
"name": "France"
}
},
{
"@type": "MedicalAudience",
"name": "Chercheurs",
"audienceType": "Researcher",
"geographicArea": {
"@type": "AdministrativeArea",
"name": "International"
}
}
],
"reviewedBy": {
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Dr Olivier Menir",
"jobTitle": "Expert en Médecine",
"description": "Expert en Médecine, Optimisation des Parcours de Soins et Révision Médicale",
"url": "/static/pages/docteur-olivier-menir.html",
"alumniOf": {
"@type": "EducationalOrganization",
"name": "Université Paris Descartes"
}
},
"isPartOf": {
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Bouche",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D009055",
"about": {
"@type": "MedicalCondition",
"name": "Bouche",
"code": {
"@type": "MedicalCode",
"code": "D009055",
"codingSystem": "MeSH"
},
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "MeSH Tree",
"value": "A14.549"
}
}
},
"hasPart": [
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Frein labial",
"alternateName": "Labial Frenum",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D007742",
"about": {
"@type": "MedicalCondition",
"name": "Frein labial",
"code": {
"@type": "MedicalCode",
"code": "D007742",
"codingSystem": "MeSH"
},
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "MeSH Tree",
"value": "A14.549.336.505"
}
}
}
],
"about": {
"@type": "MedicalCondition",
"name": "Lèvre",
"alternateName": "Lip",
"code": {
"@type": "MedicalCode",
"code": "D008046",
"codingSystem": "MeSH"
}
},
"author": [
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Carroll Ann Trotman",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Carroll%20Ann%20Trotman",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts."
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Ara A Salibian",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Ara%20A%20Salibian",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, 305 East 33rd Street, New York, NY 10016, USA."
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Emi Inada",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Emi%20Inada",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan. Electronic address: inada@dent.kagoshima-u.ac.jp."
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Yasutaka Kaihara",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Yasutaka%20Kaihara",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Department of Dental Hygiene, Ogaki Women's College, 1-109 Nishinokawa-cho, Ogaki-shi, Gifu 503-8554, Japan."
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Yukiko Nogami",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Yukiko%20Nogami",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851-1 Hozumi, Gifu 501-0296, Japan."
}
}
],
"citation": [
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Trihalomethanes in developed and developing countries.",
"datePublished": "2023-12-06",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/38057440",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1007/s10661-023-12106-8"
}
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Stunting of Growth in Developing Countries.",
"datePublished": "2023-03-22",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/36948172",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1159/000527936"
}
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Lessons for Developing Countries From Outlier Country Health Systems.",
"datePublished": "2022-06-22",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/35812493",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.3389/fpubh.2022.870210"
}
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Living kidney donation in a developing country.",
"datePublished": "2022-05-10",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/35536829",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1371/journal.pone.0268183"
}
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Stroke in women: experience in a developing country.",
"datePublished": "2023-07-17",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/37460962",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1186/s12883-023-03314-3"
}
}
],
"breadcrumb": {
"@type": "BreadcrumbList",
"itemListElement": [
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 1,
"name": "questionsmedicales.fr",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 2,
"name": "Système stomatognathique",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D013284"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 3,
"name": "Bouche",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D009055"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 4,
"name": "Lèvre",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D008046"
}
]
}
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Article complet : Lèvre - Questions et réponses",
"headline": "Questions et réponses médicales fréquentes sur Lèvre",
"description": "Une compilation de questions et réponses structurées, validées par des experts médicaux.",
"datePublished": "2025-05-05",
"inLanguage": "fr",
"hasPart": [
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Diagnostic",
"headline": "Diagnostic sur Lèvre",
"description": "Comment diagnostiquer une infection des lèvres ?\nQuels examens pour une lésion labiale ?\nQuels signes indiquent un cancer des lèvres ?\nComment évaluer une allergie labiale ?\nQuels sont les symptômes d'une herpès labial ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D008046?mesh_terms=Developing+Countries#section-diagnostic"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Symptômes",
"headline": "Symptômes sur Lèvre",
"description": "Quels symptômes d'une inflammation des lèvres ?\nComment reconnaître une fissure labiale ?\nQuels signes d'une infection virale des lèvres ?\nQuels symptômes d'une allergie aux lèvres ?\nComment se manifeste le cancer des lèvres ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D008046?mesh_terms=Developing+Countries#section-symptômes"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Prévention",
"headline": "Prévention sur Lèvre",
"description": "Comment prévenir l'herpès labial ?\nQuelles mesures pour éviter les fissures labiales ?\nComment prévenir les infections des lèvres ?\nQuelles précautions pour les allergies labiales ?\nComment réduire le risque de cancer des lèvres ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D008046?mesh_terms=Developing+Countries#section-prévention"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Traitements",
"headline": "Traitements sur Lèvre",
"description": "Quel traitement pour l'herpès labial ?\nComment traiter une fissure labiale ?\nQuels médicaments pour une infection des lèvres ?\nComment traiter une allergie labiale ?\nQuel traitement pour le cancer des lèvres ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D008046?mesh_terms=Developing+Countries#section-traitements"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Complications",
"headline": "Complications sur Lèvre",
"description": "Quelles complications d'une infection labiale ?\nQuels risques d'une fissure labiale non traitée ?\nQuelles complications du cancer des lèvres ?\nQuels effets d'une allergie labiale sévère ?\nQuelles complications d'une herpès labial récurrent ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D008046?mesh_terms=Developing+Countries#section-complications"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Facteurs de risque",
"headline": "Facteurs de risque sur Lèvre",
"description": "Quels facteurs de risque pour l'herpès labial ?\nQuels sont les facteurs de risque de fissures labiales ?\nQuels facteurs augmentent le risque d'infections labiales ?\nQuels sont les facteurs de risque pour le cancer des lèvres ?\nQuels facteurs de risque pour les allergies labiales ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D008046?mesh_terms=Developing+Countries#section-facteurs de risque"
}
]
},
{
"@type": "FAQPage",
"mainEntity": [
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment diagnostiquer une infection des lèvres ?",
"position": 1,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Un examen clinique et des tests de laboratoire peuvent confirmer une infection."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels examens pour une lésion labiale ?",
"position": 2,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Une biopsie ou un examen visuel peut être nécessaire pour évaluer la lésion."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels signes indiquent un cancer des lèvres ?",
"position": 3,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des lésions persistantes, des ulcères ou des changements de couleur peuvent être des signes."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment évaluer une allergie labiale ?",
"position": 4,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Un test cutané ou un examen allergologique peut aider à identifier l'allergène."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels sont les symptômes d'une herpès labial ?",
"position": 5,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des vésicules douloureuses et des démangeaisons sur les lèvres sont typiques."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels symptômes d'une inflammation des lèvres ?",
"position": 6,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Rougeur, gonflement et douleur sont des symptômes courants d'inflammation."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment reconnaître une fissure labiale ?",
"position": 7,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des crevasses douloureuses et des saignements peuvent indiquer une fissure labiale."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels signes d'une infection virale des lèvres ?",
"position": 8,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des vésicules, des démangeaisons et des douleurs peuvent signaler une infection virale."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels symptômes d'une allergie aux lèvres ?",
"position": 9,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Rougeur, démangeaisons et gonflement peuvent indiquer une réaction allergique."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment se manifeste le cancer des lèvres ?",
"position": 10,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des lésions persistantes, des ulcères et des changements de texture peuvent apparaître."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment prévenir l'herpès labial ?",
"position": 11,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Éviter le contact avec des personnes infectées et utiliser des protections solaires."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quelles mesures pour éviter les fissures labiales ?",
"position": 12,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Hydrater régulièrement les lèvres et éviter les conditions climatiques extrêmes."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment prévenir les infections des lèvres ?",
"position": 13,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Maintenir une bonne hygiène buccale et éviter de toucher les lèvres avec des mains sales."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quelles précautions pour les allergies labiales ?",
"position": 14,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Identifier et éviter les allergènes connus est essentiel pour prévenir les réactions."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment réduire le risque de cancer des lèvres ?",
"position": 15,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Éviter le tabac et limiter l'exposition au soleil peut réduire le risque."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quel traitement pour l'herpès labial ?",
"position": 16,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des antiviraux topiques ou oraux peuvent réduire la durée et la gravité des symptômes."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment traiter une fissure labiale ?",
"position": 17,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "L'application de baumes hydratants et de pommades peut favoriser la guérison."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels médicaments pour une infection des lèvres ?",
"position": 18,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des antibiotiques peuvent être prescrits pour traiter les infections bactériennes."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment traiter une allergie labiale ?",
"position": 19,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Éviter l'allergène et utiliser des antihistaminiques peut soulager les symptômes."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quel traitement pour le cancer des lèvres ?",
"position": 20,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "La chirurgie, la radiothérapie ou la chimiothérapie peuvent être nécessaires selon le stade."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quelles complications d'une infection labiale ?",
"position": 21,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des infections secondaires, des cicatrices ou des douleurs chroniques peuvent survenir."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels risques d'une fissure labiale non traitée ?",
"position": 22,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Une fissure non traitée peut s'infecter et entraîner des douleurs persistantes."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quelles complications du cancer des lèvres ?",
"position": 23,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des métastases, des douleurs et des difficultés à manger peuvent être des complications."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels effets d'une allergie labiale sévère ?",
"position": 24,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Un œdème angioneurotique ou un choc anaphylactique peuvent survenir dans les cas graves."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quelles complications d'une herpès labial récurrent ?",
"position": 25,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des infections fréquentes et des douleurs chroniques peuvent résulter d'épisodes répétés."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels facteurs de risque pour l'herpès labial ?",
"position": 26,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Le stress, la fatigue et l'exposition au soleil augmentent le risque d'herpès labial."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels sont les facteurs de risque de fissures labiales ?",
"position": 27,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Le climat sec, la déshydratation et le léchage fréquent des lèvres sont des facteurs de risque."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels facteurs augmentent le risque d'infections labiales ?",
"position": 28,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Un système immunitaire affaibli et une mauvaise hygiène buccale augmentent le risque."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels sont les facteurs de risque pour le cancer des lèvres ?",
"position": 29,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Le tabagisme, l'alcool et l'exposition au soleil sont des facteurs de risque connus."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels facteurs de risque pour les allergies labiales ?",
"position": 30,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des antécédents d'allergies et une exposition à des irritants augmentent le risque."
}
}
]
}
]
}
Expert en Médecine, Optimisation des Parcours de Soins et Révision Médicale
Validation scientifique effectuée le 16/02/2025
Contenu vérifié selon les dernières recommandations médicales
3 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
Publications dans "Lèvre" :
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, 305 East 33rd Street, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Publications dans "Lèvre" :
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan. Electronic address: inada@dent.kagoshima-u.ac.jp.
Publications dans "Lèvre" :
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
Department of Dental Hygiene, Ogaki Women's College, 1-109 Nishinokawa-cho, Ogaki-shi, Gifu 503-8554, Japan.
Publications dans "Lèvre" :
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851-1 Hozumi, Gifu 501-0296, Japan.
Publications dans "Lèvre" :
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
Publications dans "Lèvre" :
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
Publications dans "Lèvre" :
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Affiliations :
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851-1 Hozumi, Gifu 501-0296, Japan.
Publications dans "Lèvre" :
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Publications dans "Lèvre" :
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Publications dans "Lèvre" :
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Publications dans "Lèvre" :
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Publications dans "Lèvre" :
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Publications dans "Lèvre" :
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Publications dans "Lèvre" :
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Publications dans "Lèvre" :
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Publications dans "Lèvre" :
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Publications dans "Lèvre" :
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Publications dans "Lèvre" :
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Publications dans "Lèvre" :
2 publications dans cette catégorie
Publications dans "Lèvre" :
The reactions between natural organic matter, anthropogenic contaminants, ions, and disinfectants lead to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking wa...
Building good health systems is an important objective for policy makers in any country. Developing countries which are just starting out on their journeys need to do this by using their limited resou...
Living kidney donation has been advocated as a means to ameliorate the chronic shortage of organs for transplantation. Significant rates of comorbidity and familial risk for kidney disease may limit t...
We assessed reasons for non-donation and outcomes following donation in a cohort of 1208 ethnically diverse potential living donors evaluated over a 32-year period at a single transplant centre in Sou...
Medical contraindications were the commonest reason for donor exclusion. Black donors were more frequently excluded (52.1% vs. 39.3%; p<0.001), particularly for medical contraindications (44% vs. 35%;...
This study highlights the difficulties of pursuing live donation in a population with significant medical comorbidity, but provides reassurance of the safety of the procedure in carefully selected don...
Several studies have addressed gender differences in stroke. Yet, results are diverse, and research is still required in different populations. So, this study investigates variation in stroke accordin...
This is a registry-based, retrospective observational cross-sectional study comparing men and women as regards age, risk factors, stroke severity, quality of services, and stroke outcome....
Data analyzed comprised 4620 patients. It was found that men outnumbered women, while women had an older age, more prevalence of hypertension and atrial fibrillation, with severer strokes and worse ou...
Despite the gender difference in risk factors and stroke severity, we could not detect any significant disparity in acute stroke services provided to either gender. Among age categories in women, we i...
COVID-19 has become one of the few leading causes of death and has evolved into a pandemic that disrupts everyone's routine, and balanced way of life worldwide, and will continue to do so. To bring an...
To investigate long-term changes and possible seasonal variations in Google search volumes related to Invisalign in developed and developing countries....
Cross-sectional, Google search-based study....
Google Trends (GT) was accessed to retrieve the Relative Search Volume (RSV) of Google queries related to the search term 'Invisalign' in 10 countries selected on the basis of population size, Interne...
Overall, RSVs regarding Invisalign have increased significantly in all countries with the developed countries outperforming developing countries throughout most of the observation period. There was no...
Public interest in online information for Invisalign has grown significantly over the years across countries of diverse socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds while seasonal patterns were observed in ...
There is a considerable burden of silica-associated lung diseases in the developing world. This review summarizes the epidemiology of these diseases, especially silicosis and silico-tuberculosis, miti...
In 2017, the highest incidence of silicosis was in China, India and Brazil among the developing countries. The prevalence of silicosis amongst exposed workers may vary from 4 to 55%; there is a risk o...
Silica-associated lung diseases are prevalent in developing countries. Efforts directed at preventing or minimizing exposure to respirable crystalline silica are required for mitigation....
This study examines the impact of food security on health outcomes in 56 developing countries from 2011 to 2019, using a comprehensive measure of food security. Applying generalized methods of moments...
A climate disaster can be devastating, but its challenges and losses provide some opportunities to other countries. Therefore, in this paper, we examine the impact of climate risk on international tra...