Titre : Amérique du Sud

Amérique du Sud : Questions médicales fréquentes

{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Amérique du Sud : Questions médicales les plus fréquentes", "headline": "Amérique du Sud : Comprendre les symptômes, diagnostics et traitements", "description": "Guide complet et accessible sur les Amérique du Sud : explications, diagnostics, traitements et prévention. Information médicale validée destinée aux patients.", "datePublished": "2024-02-26", "dateModified": "2025-02-20", "inLanguage": "fr", "medicalAudience": [ { "@type": "MedicalAudience", "name": "Grand public", "audienceType": "Patient", "healthCondition": { "@type": "MedicalCondition", "name": "Amérique du Sud" }, "suggestedMinAge": 18, "suggestedGender": "unisex" }, { "@type": "MedicalAudience", "name": "Médecins", "audienceType": "Physician", "geographicArea": { "@type": "AdministrativeArea", "name": "France" } }, { "@type": "MedicalAudience", "name": "Chercheurs", "audienceType": "Researcher", "geographicArea": { "@type": "AdministrativeArea", "name": "International" } } ], "reviewedBy": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Dr Olivier Menir", "jobTitle": "Expert en Médecine", "description": "Expert en Médecine, Optimisation des Parcours de Soins et Révision Médicale", "url": "/static/pages/docteur-olivier-menir.html", "alumniOf": { "@type": "EducationalOrganization", "name": "Université Paris Descartes" } }, "isPartOf": { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Amériques", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D000569", "about": { "@type": "MedicalCondition", "name": "Amériques", "code": { "@type": "MedicalCode", "code": "D000569", "codingSystem": "MeSH" }, "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "MeSH Tree", "value": "Z01.107" } } }, "hasPart": [ { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Argentine", "alternateName": "Argentina", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D001118", "about": { "@type": "MedicalCondition", "name": "Argentine", "code": { "@type": "MedicalCode", "code": "D001118", "codingSystem": "MeSH" }, "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "MeSH Tree", "value": "Z01.107.757.077" } } }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Bolivie", "alternateName": "Bolivia", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D001838", "about": { "@type": "MedicalCondition", "name": "Bolivie", "code": { "@type": "MedicalCode", "code": "D001838", "codingSystem": "MeSH" }, "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "MeSH Tree", "value": "Z01.107.757.136" } } }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Brésil", "alternateName": "Brazil", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D001938", "about": { "@type": "MedicalCondition", "name": "Brésil", "code": { "@type": "MedicalCode", "code": "D001938", "codingSystem": "MeSH" }, "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "MeSH Tree", "value": "Z01.107.757.176" } } }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Chili", "alternateName": "Chile", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D002677", "about": { "@type": "MedicalCondition", "name": "Chili", "code": { "@type": "MedicalCode", "code": "D002677", "codingSystem": "MeSH" }, "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "MeSH Tree", "value": "Z01.107.757.235" } } }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Colombie", "alternateName": "Colombia", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D003105", "about": { "@type": "MedicalCondition", "name": "Colombie", "code": { "@type": "MedicalCode", "code": "D003105", "codingSystem": "MeSH" }, "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "MeSH Tree", "value": "Z01.107.757.284" } } }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Équateur", "alternateName": "Ecuador", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D004484", "about": { "@type": "MedicalCondition", "name": "Équateur", "code": { "@type": "MedicalCode", "code": "D004484", "codingSystem": "MeSH" }, "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "MeSH Tree", "value": "Z01.107.757.362" } } }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Guyane française", "alternateName": "French Guiana", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D005616", "about": { "@type": "MedicalCondition", "name": "Guyane française", "code": { "@type": "MedicalCode", "code": "D005616", "codingSystem": "MeSH" }, "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "MeSH Tree", "value": "Z01.107.757.435" } } }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Guyana", "alternateName": "Guyana", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D006172", "about": { "@type": "MedicalCondition", "name": "Guyana", "code": { "@type": "MedicalCode", "code": "D006172", "codingSystem": "MeSH" }, "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "MeSH Tree", "value": "Z01.107.757.488" } } }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Paraguay", "alternateName": "Paraguay", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D010239", "about": { "@type": "MedicalCondition", "name": "Paraguay", "code": { "@type": "MedicalCode", "code": "D010239", "codingSystem": "MeSH" }, "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "MeSH Tree", "value": "Z01.107.757.656" } } }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Pérou", "alternateName": "Peru", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D010568", "about": { "@type": "MedicalCondition", "name": "Pérou", "code": { "@type": "MedicalCode", "code": "D010568", "codingSystem": "MeSH" }, "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "MeSH Tree", "value": "Z01.107.757.702" } } }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Suriname", "alternateName": "Suriname", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D013532", "about": { "@type": "MedicalCondition", "name": "Suriname", "code": { "@type": "MedicalCode", "code": "D013532", "codingSystem": "MeSH" }, "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "MeSH Tree", "value": "Z01.107.757.833" } } }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Uruguay", "alternateName": "Uruguay", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D014583", "about": { "@type": "MedicalCondition", "name": "Uruguay", "code": { "@type": "MedicalCode", "code": "D014583", "codingSystem": "MeSH" }, "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "MeSH Tree", "value": "Z01.107.757.904" } } }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Venezuela", "alternateName": "Venezuela", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D014687", "about": { "@type": "MedicalCondition", "name": "Venezuela", "code": { "@type": "MedicalCode", "code": "D014687", "codingSystem": "MeSH" }, "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "MeSH Tree", "value": "Z01.107.757.943" } } } ], "about": { "@type": "MedicalCondition", "name": "Amérique du Sud", "alternateName": "South America", "code": { "@type": "MedicalCode", "code": "D013020", "codingSystem": "MeSH" } }, "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "M Mabel Ribicich", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/M%20Mabel%20Ribicich", "affiliation": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Av. San Martín 5285 (1417DSM), Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: mribicich@fvet.uba.ar." } }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Fernando A Fariña", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Fernando%20A%20Fari%C3%B1a", "affiliation": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Av. San Martín 5285 (1417DSM), Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Buenos Aires, Argentina." } }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Tatiana Aronowicz", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Tatiana%20Aronowicz", "affiliation": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Av. San Martín 5285 (1417DSM), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Animal, SENASA, Argentina." } }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Mariano E Ercole", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Mariano%20E%20Ercole", "affiliation": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Av. San Martín 5285 (1417DSM), Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Buenos Aires, Argentina." } }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Clara Bessi", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Clara%20Bessi", "affiliation": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Av. San Martín 5285 (1417DSM), Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Buenos Aires, Argentina." } } ], "citation": [ { "@type": "ScholarlyArticle", "name": "The phylogeny of Syntrichia: An ecologically diverse clade of mosses with an origin in South America.", "datePublished": "2022-12-28", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/36576338", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "DOI", "value": "10.1002/ajb2.16103" } }, { "@type": "ScholarlyArticle", "name": "Sea ice in the Weddell Sea and its relationship with the South Atlantic Subtropical High and precipitation in South America.", "datePublished": "2022-10-21", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/36287464", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "DOI", "value": "10.1590/0001-3765202220211623" } }, { "@type": "ScholarlyArticle", "name": "Assessing the impacts of past and ongoing deforestation on rainfall patterns in South America.", "datePublished": "2023-07-05", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/37408285", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "DOI", "value": "10.1111/gcb.16856" } }, { "@type": "ScholarlyArticle", "name": "Protocol to calculate aircraft emissions for international air routes in South America.", "datePublished": "2022-12-16", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/36528857", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "DOI", "value": "10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101952" } }, { "@type": "ScholarlyArticle", "name": "A georeferenced rRNA amplicon database of aquatic microbiomes from South America.", "datePublished": "2022-09-13", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/36100598", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "DOI", "value": "10.1038/s41597-022-01665-z" } } ], "breadcrumb": { "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "questionsmedicales.fr", "item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "Régions géographiques", "item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D005842" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "name": "Amériques", "item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D000569" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 4, "name": "Amérique du Sud", "item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D013020" } ] } }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Article complet : Amérique du Sud - Questions et réponses", "headline": "Questions et réponses médicales fréquentes sur Amérique du Sud", "description": "Une compilation de questions et réponses structurées, validées par des experts médicaux.", "datePublished": "2025-04-29", "inLanguage": "fr", "hasPart": [ { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Diagnostic", "headline": "Diagnostic sur Amérique du Sud", "description": "Comment diagnostiquer le paludisme en Amérique du Sud ?\nQuels tests pour la dengue ?\nComment identifier la fièvre jaune ?\nQuels examens pour la leptospirose ?\nComment diagnostiquer la maladie de Chagas ?", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D013020?page=2#section-diagnostic" }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Symptômes", "headline": "Symptômes sur Amérique du Sud", "description": "Quels sont les symptômes du paludisme ?\nQuels signes de la dengue ?\nQuels symptômes de la fièvre jaune ?\nQuels symptômes de la leptospirose ?\nQuels signes de la maladie de Chagas ?", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D013020?page=2#section-symptômes" }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Prévention", "headline": "Prévention sur Amérique du Sud", "description": "Comment prévenir le paludisme ?\nQuelles mesures pour éviter la dengue ?\nComment se protéger contre la fièvre jaune ?\nQuelles précautions pour la leptospirose ?\nComment prévenir la maladie de Chagas ?", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D013020?page=2#section-prévention" }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Traitements", "headline": "Traitements sur Amérique du Sud", "description": "Quel traitement pour le paludisme ?\nComment traiter la dengue ?\nQuel traitement pour la fièvre jaune ?\nComment traiter la leptospirose ?\nQuel traitement pour la maladie de Chagas ?", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D013020?page=2#section-traitements" }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Complications", "headline": "Complications sur Amérique du Sud", "description": "Quelles complications du paludisme ?\nQuelles complications de la dengue ?\nQuelles complications de la fièvre jaune ?\nQuelles complications de la leptospirose ?\nQuelles complications de la maladie de Chagas ?", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D013020?page=2#section-complications" }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Facteurs de risque", "headline": "Facteurs de risque sur Amérique du Sud", "description": "Quels sont les facteurs de risque du paludisme ?\nQuels facteurs de risque pour la dengue ?\nQuels facteurs de risque pour la fièvre jaune ?\nQuels facteurs de risque pour la leptospirose ?\nQuels facteurs de risque pour la maladie de Chagas ?", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D013020?page=2#section-facteurs de risque" } ] }, { "@type": "FAQPage", "mainEntity": [ { "@type": "Question", "name": "Comment diagnostiquer le paludisme en Amérique du Sud ?", "position": 1, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Le diagnostic repose sur des tests sanguins pour détecter le parasite Plasmodium." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quels tests pour la dengue ?", "position": 2, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Les tests sérologiques et PCR sont utilisés pour confirmer une infection par le virus de la dengue." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Comment identifier la fièvre jaune ?", "position": 3, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Un diagnostic est établi par des tests sérologiques et l'historique de vaccination." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quels examens pour la leptospirose ?", "position": 4, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Des tests sérologiques et PCR sont utilisés pour diagnostiquer la leptospirose." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Comment diagnostiquer la maladie de Chagas ?", "position": 5, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Le diagnostic se fait par des tests sérologiques et parfois par biopsie de tissu." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quels sont les symptômes du paludisme ?", "position": 6, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Fièvre, frissons, sueurs, maux de tête et douleurs musculaires sont fréquents." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quels signes de la dengue ?", "position": 7, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Fièvre élevée, douleurs articulaires, éruptions cutanées et saignements peuvent survenir." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quels symptômes de la fièvre jaune ?", "position": 8, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Fièvre, douleurs abdominales, jaunisse et saignements sont des signes typiques." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quels symptômes de la leptospirose ?", "position": 9, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Fièvre, maux de tête, douleurs musculaires et éruptions cutanées peuvent apparaître." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quels signes de la maladie de Chagas ?", "position": 10, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Fatigue, fièvre, gonflement des paupières et douleurs abdominales peuvent se manifester." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Comment prévenir le paludisme ?", "position": 11, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Utiliser des moustiquaires, des répulsifs et prendre des médicaments préventifs." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quelles mesures pour éviter la dengue ?", "position": 12, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Éliminer les eaux stagnantes et utiliser des répulsifs contre les moustiques." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Comment se protéger contre la fièvre jaune ?", "position": 13, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "La vaccination est la meilleure méthode de prévention contre la fièvre jaune." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quelles précautions pour la leptospirose ?", "position": 14, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Éviter les contacts avec des eaux contaminées et porter des vêtements de protection." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Comment prévenir la maladie de Chagas ?", "position": 15, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Éviter les piqûres de triatomes et améliorer les conditions de logement." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quel traitement pour le paludisme ?", "position": 16, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Les antipaludiques comme la chloroquine et l'artémisinine sont couramment utilisés." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Comment traiter la dengue ?", "position": 17, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Il n'existe pas de traitement spécifique ; le repos et l'hydratation sont essentiels." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quel traitement pour la fièvre jaune ?", "position": 18, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Il n'y a pas de traitement antiviral ; la prévention par vaccination est cruciale." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Comment traiter la leptospirose ?", "position": 19, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Les antibiotiques comme la doxycycline sont utilisés pour traiter la leptospirose." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quel traitement pour la maladie de Chagas ?", "position": 20, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Les médicaments comme le benznidazole sont utilisés pour traiter l'infection." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quelles complications du paludisme ?", "position": 21, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Anémie sévère, défaillance organique et coma peuvent survenir dans les cas graves." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quelles complications de la dengue ?", "position": 22, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "La dengue sévère peut entraîner des hémorragies et un choc hypovolémique." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quelles complications de la fièvre jaune ?", "position": 23, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Insuffisance hépatique et hémorragies peuvent survenir dans les cas graves." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quelles complications de la leptospirose ?", "position": 24, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Insuffisance rénale, méningite et hémorragies peuvent être des complications graves." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quelles complications de la maladie de Chagas ?", "position": 25, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Les complications incluent des troubles cardiaques et des problèmes digestifs chroniques." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quels sont les facteurs de risque du paludisme ?", "position": 26, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Vivre dans des zones endémiques et ne pas utiliser de protection contre les moustiques." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quels facteurs de risque pour la dengue ?", "position": 27, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Les zones urbaines avec des eaux stagnantes et un climat chaud favorisent la dengue." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quels facteurs de risque pour la fièvre jaune ?", "position": 28, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Voyager dans des zones endémiques sans vaccination augmente le risque d'infection." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quels facteurs de risque pour la leptospirose ?", "position": 29, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Travailler dans l'agriculture ou être exposé à des eaux contaminées augmente le risque." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quels facteurs de risque pour la maladie de Chagas ?", "position": 30, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Vivre dans des habitations en terre et être exposé aux triatomes augmente le risque." } } ] } ] }

Sources (10000 au total)

The phylogeny of Syntrichia: An ecologically diverse clade of mosses with an origin in South America.

To address the biodiversity crisis, we need to understand the evolution of all organisms and how they fill geographic and ecological space. Syntrichia is one of the most diverse and dominant genera of... We present a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Syntrichia, based on both molecular and morphological data, with most of the named species and closest outgroups represented. In addition, we provid... We found 10 major well-resolved subclades of Syntrichia that possess geographical or morphological coherence, in some cases representing previously accepted genera. We infer that the extant species di... Our study provides a framework for understanding the evolutionary history of Syntrichia through the combination of morphological and molecular characters, revealing that migration events that shaped t...

Climatic niche evolution and niche conservatism of Nymphaea species in Africa, South America, and Australia.

Interest in the evolution of climatic niches, particularly in understanding the potential adaptive responses of species under climate change, has increased both theoretically and within macroecologica... There was a lot of overlap in niches both within and between groups, especially for species that can be found in many places. The breadth and peaks of the niche profile varied depending on the bioclim... Our study will improve our understanding of how changes in climatic niches are potentially driving the evolution of Nymphaea. It has significant scientific implications for the limits, assemblages, ev...

How to Advance Palliative Care Research in South America? Findings From a Delphi Study.

Progress in palliative care (PC) necessarily involves scientific development. However, research conducted in South America (SA) needs to be improved.... To develop a set of recommendations to advance PC research in SA.... Eighteen international PC experts participated in a Delphi study. In round one, items were developed (open-ended questions); in round two, each expert scored the importance of each item (from 0 to 10)... 60 potential suggestions for overcoming research barriers in PC were developed in round one. Also in Round one, 88.2% (15 of 17) of the experts agreed to define a priority research agenda. In Round tw... Potential strategies to improve scientific research on PC in SA were defined, including stimulating the formation of collaborative research networks, offering courses and workshops on research, struct...