Titre : Extrasystoles ventriculaires

Extrasystoles ventriculaires : Questions médicales fréquentes

Termes MeSH sélectionnés :

Namibia
{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Extrasystoles ventriculaires : Questions médicales les plus fréquentes", "headline": "Extrasystoles ventriculaires : Comprendre les symptômes, diagnostics et traitements", "description": "Guide complet et accessible sur les Extrasystoles ventriculaires : explications, diagnostics, traitements et prévention. Information médicale validée destinée aux patients.", "datePublished": "2024-05-22", "dateModified": "2025-05-17", "inLanguage": "fr", "medicalAudience": [ { "@type": "MedicalAudience", "name": "Grand public", "audienceType": "Patient", "healthCondition": { "@type": "MedicalCondition", "name": "Extrasystoles ventriculaires" }, "suggestedMinAge": 18, "suggestedGender": "unisex" }, { "@type": "MedicalAudience", "name": "Médecins", "audienceType": "Physician", "geographicArea": { "@type": "AdministrativeArea", "name": "France" } }, { "@type": "MedicalAudience", "name": "Chercheurs", "audienceType": "Researcher", "geographicArea": { "@type": "AdministrativeArea", "name": "International" } } ], "reviewedBy": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Dr Olivier Menir", "jobTitle": "Expert en Médecine", "description": "Expert en Médecine, Optimisation des Parcours de Soins et Révision Médicale", "url": "/static/pages/docteur-olivier-menir.html", "alumniOf": { "@type": "EducationalOrganization", "name": "Université Paris Descartes" } }, "isPartOf": { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Extrasystoles", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D005117", "about": { "@type": "MedicalCondition", "name": "Extrasystoles", "code": { "@type": "MedicalCode", "code": "D005117", "codingSystem": "MeSH" }, "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "MeSH Tree", "value": "C23.550.073.325" } } }, "about": { "@type": "MedicalCondition", "name": "Extrasystoles ventriculaires", "alternateName": "Ventricular Premature Complexes", "code": { "@type": "MedicalCode", "code": "D018879", "codingSystem": "MeSH" } }, "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Rakesh Latchamsetty", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Rakesh%20Latchamsetty", "affiliation": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan." } }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Frank Bogun", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Frank%20Bogun", "affiliation": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Electronic address: fbogun@med.umich.edu." } }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Michael Ghannam", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Michael%20Ghannam", "affiliation": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA." } }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Jackson J Liang", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Jackson%20J%20Liang", "affiliation": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA." } }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Krit Jongnarangsin", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Krit%20Jongnarangsin", "affiliation": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA." } } ], "citation": [ { "@type": "ScholarlyArticle", "name": "Electronic distance based clinical skills training development in family medicine in Namibia.", "datePublished": "2024-05-09", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/38832379", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "DOI", "value": "10.4102/phcfm.v16i1.4352" } }, { "@type": "ScholarlyArticle", "name": "Experiences and challenges of enrolled nurses undertaking a Bachelor of Nursing Science programme in Namibia.", "datePublished": "2024-05-06", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/38708759", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "DOI", "value": "10.4102/curationis.v47i1.2549" } }, { "@type": "ScholarlyArticle", "name": "Importance of Candida infection and fluconazole resistance in women with vaginal discharge syndrome in Namibia.", "datePublished": "2022-08-15", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/35971143", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "DOI", "value": "10.1186/s13756-022-01143-6" } }, { "@type": "ScholarlyArticle", "name": "Maternal and fetal risk factors for stillbirth in Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia: a case-control study.", "datePublished": "2023-02-07", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/37159625", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "DOI", "value": "10.11604/pamj.2023.44.73.26724" } }, { "@type": "ScholarlyArticle", "name": "Factors contributing to burnout among nurses at a district hospital in Namibia: A qualitative perspective of nurses.", "datePublished": "2022-06-01", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/35593041", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "DOI", "value": "10.1111/jonm.13693" } } ], "breadcrumb": { "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "questionsmedicales.fr", "item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "États, signes et symptômes pathologiques", "item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D013568" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "name": "Processus pathologiques", "item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D010335" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 4, "name": "Troubles du rythme cardiaque", "item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D001145" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 5, "name": "Extrasystoles", "item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D005117" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 6, "name": "Extrasystoles ventriculaires", "item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D018879" } ] } }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Article complet : Extrasystoles ventriculaires - Questions et réponses", "headline": "Questions et réponses médicales fréquentes sur Extrasystoles ventriculaires", "description": "Une compilation de questions et réponses structurées, validées par des experts médicaux.", "datePublished": "2025-05-18", "inLanguage": "fr", "hasPart": [ { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Diagnostic", "headline": "Diagnostic sur Extrasystoles ventriculaires", "description": "Comment diagnostiquer les extrasystoles ventriculaires ?\nQuels tests sont utilisés pour évaluer la gravité ?\nLes extrasystoles nécessitent-elles toujours un traitement ?\nQuels signes indiquent une urgence médicale ?\nComment différencier les extrasystoles des autres arythmies ?", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D018879?mesh_terms=Namibia&page=2#section-diagnostic" }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Symptômes", "headline": "Symptômes sur Extrasystoles ventriculaires", "description": "Quels sont les symptômes courants des extrasystoles ?\nLes extrasystoles peuvent-elles être asymptomatiques ?\nLes extrasystoles provoquent-elles de l'anxiété ?\nPeut-on ressentir des extrasystoles au repos ?\nLes extrasystoles peuvent-elles causer des vertiges ?", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D018879?mesh_terms=Namibia&page=2#section-symptômes" }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Prévention", "headline": "Prévention sur Extrasystoles ventriculaires", "description": "Comment prévenir les extrasystoles ?\nL'exercice régulier aide-t-il à prévenir les extrasystoles ?\nLe sommeil influence-t-il les extrasystoles ?\nLes techniques de relaxation sont-elles utiles ?\nLes bilans de santé réguliers sont-ils importants ?", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D018879?mesh_terms=Namibia&page=2#section-prévention" }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Traitements", "headline": "Traitements sur Extrasystoles ventriculaires", "description": "Quels traitements sont disponibles pour les extrasystoles ?\nLes changements de mode de vie aident-ils ?\nQuand envisager une ablation pour les extrasystoles ?\nLes médicaments sont-ils toujours nécessaires ?\nLes traitements sont-ils efficaces ?", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D018879?mesh_terms=Namibia&page=2#section-traitements" }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Complications", "headline": "Complications sur Extrasystoles ventriculaires", "description": "Les extrasystoles peuvent-elles entraîner des complications ?\nQuels risques sont associés à des extrasystoles fréquentes ?\nLes extrasystoles peuvent-elles provoquer une insuffisance cardiaque ?\nComment les extrasystoles affectent-elles la qualité de vie ?\nLes extrasystoles sont-elles un signe de maladie cardiaque ?", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D018879?mesh_terms=Namibia&page=2#section-complications" }, { "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Facteurs de risque", "headline": "Facteurs de risque sur Extrasystoles ventriculaires", "description": "Quels sont les principaux facteurs de risque ?\nL'âge influence-t-il le risque d'extrasystoles ?\nLes maladies cardiaques prédisposent-elles aux extrasystoles ?\nLe tabagisme est-il un facteur de risque ?\nLe surpoids influence-t-il le risque d'extrasystoles ?", "url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D018879?mesh_terms=Namibia&page=2#section-facteurs de risque" } ] }, { "@type": "FAQPage", "mainEntity": [ { "@type": "Question", "name": "Comment diagnostiquer les extrasystoles ventriculaires ?", "position": 1, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Le diagnostic se fait par un électrocardiogramme (ECG) montrant des complexes prématurés." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quels tests sont utilisés pour évaluer la gravité ?", "position": 2, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Des tests d'effort et un Holter peuvent être utilisés pour évaluer la fréquence et le type." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Les extrasystoles nécessitent-elles toujours un traitement ?", "position": 3, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Pas toujours, elles peuvent être bénignes et ne nécessitent pas de traitement si asymptomatiques." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quels signes indiquent une urgence médicale ?", "position": 4, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Des douleurs thoraciques, des évanouissements ou des palpitations fréquentes nécessitent une évaluation urgente." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Comment différencier les extrasystoles des autres arythmies ?", "position": 5, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "L'ECG permet de distinguer les extrasystoles des autres arythmies par leur morphologie spécifique." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quels sont les symptômes courants des extrasystoles ?", "position": 6, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Les symptômes incluent des palpitations, une sensation de battement irrégulier ou des douleurs thoraciques." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Les extrasystoles peuvent-elles être asymptomatiques ?", "position": 7, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Oui, de nombreuses personnes ne ressentent aucun symptôme malgré la présence d'extrasystoles." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Les extrasystoles provoquent-elles de l'anxiété ?", "position": 8, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Oui, les palpitations peuvent entraîner de l'anxiété chez certaines personnes, aggravant les symptômes." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Peut-on ressentir des extrasystoles au repos ?", "position": 9, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Oui, les extrasystoles peuvent survenir au repos ou lors d'activités physiques." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Les extrasystoles peuvent-elles causer des vertiges ?", "position": 10, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Elles peuvent provoquer des vertiges si elles entraînent une baisse de la pression artérielle." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Comment prévenir les extrasystoles ?", "position": 11, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Éviter le tabac, l'alcool et la caféine, et gérer le stress peut aider à prévenir les extrasystoles." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "L'exercice régulier aide-t-il à prévenir les extrasystoles ?", "position": 12, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Oui, l'exercice régulier peut améliorer la santé cardiaque et réduire les épisodes d'extrasystoles." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Le sommeil influence-t-il les extrasystoles ?", "position": 13, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Un sommeil de qualité est important; le manque de sommeil peut aggraver les extrasystoles." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Les techniques de relaxation sont-elles utiles ?", "position": 14, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Oui, des techniques comme la méditation ou le yoga peuvent réduire le stress et les symptômes." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Les bilans de santé réguliers sont-ils importants ?", "position": 15, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Oui, des bilans réguliers permettent de surveiller la santé cardiaque et d'identifier les problèmes." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quels traitements sont disponibles pour les extrasystoles ?", "position": 16, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Les traitements incluent des bêtabloquants, des antiarythmiques ou des modifications du mode de vie." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Les changements de mode de vie aident-ils ?", "position": 17, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Oui, réduire la caféine, l'alcool et le stress peut diminuer la fréquence des extrasystoles." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quand envisager une ablation pour les extrasystoles ?", "position": 18, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "L'ablation est envisagée si les extrasystoles sont fréquentes et symptomatiques malgré le traitement." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Les médicaments sont-ils toujours nécessaires ?", "position": 19, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Non, si les extrasystoles sont bénignes et asymptomatiques, un traitement médicamenteux n'est pas nécessaire." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Les traitements sont-ils efficaces ?", "position": 20, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "La plupart des traitements sont efficaces pour réduire les symptômes et la fréquence des extrasystoles." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Les extrasystoles peuvent-elles entraîner des complications ?", "position": 21, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Elles sont généralement bénignes, mais peuvent parfois être associées à des troubles cardiaques plus graves." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quels risques sont associés à des extrasystoles fréquentes ?", "position": 22, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Des extrasystoles fréquentes peuvent augmenter le risque de développer une cardiomyopathie." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Les extrasystoles peuvent-elles provoquer une insuffisance cardiaque ?", "position": 23, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Rarement, mais des épisodes prolongés peuvent contribuer à une insuffisance cardiaque dans certains cas." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Comment les extrasystoles affectent-elles la qualité de vie ?", "position": 24, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Elles peuvent provoquer de l'anxiété et des limitations dans les activités quotidiennes chez certains patients." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Les extrasystoles sont-elles un signe de maladie cardiaque ?", "position": 25, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Pas nécessairement, mais elles peuvent être un indicateur de problèmes cardiaques sous-jacents." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Quels sont les principaux facteurs de risque ?", "position": 26, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Les facteurs incluent le stress, la consommation de caféine, l'alcool et des antécédents cardiaques." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "L'âge influence-t-il le risque d'extrasystoles ?", "position": 27, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Oui, le risque d'extrasystoles augmente avec l'âge en raison de changements cardiaques naturels." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Les maladies cardiaques prédisposent-elles aux extrasystoles ?", "position": 28, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Oui, les antécédents de maladies cardiaques augmentent le risque d'extrasystoles." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Le tabagisme est-il un facteur de risque ?", "position": 29, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Oui, le tabagisme peut augmenter le risque d'extrasystoles et d'autres problèmes cardiaques." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Le surpoids influence-t-il le risque d'extrasystoles ?", "position": 30, "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Oui, le surpoids et l'obésité sont des facteurs de risque pour les extrasystoles et les maladies cardiaques." } } ] } ] }

Sources (135 au total)

Experiences and challenges of enrolled nurses undertaking a Bachelor of Nursing Science programme in Namibia.

Globally, enrolled nurses (ENs) are embarking on an educational journey to become registered nurses (RNs) in order to enhance their knowledge and career opportunities. However, their aspiration is not... This study aims to explore and describe the experiences and challenges of ENs undertaking a Bachelor of Nursing Science at the University of Namibia.... A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual research strategy was followed as the basis of conducting the study. A sample of 15 nursing students was purposively selected from the target pop... Three main themes subsequently emerged from the study: ENs' positive experiences advancing in the Bachelor of Nursing Science (BNSc) programme; nurses' negative experiences advancing in the BNSc progr...

Importance of Candida infection and fluconazole resistance in women with vaginal discharge syndrome in Namibia.

Vaginal discharge syndrome (VDS) is a common condition. Clinical management targets sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and bacterial vaginosis (BV); there is limited focus on Candida infection as ... A cross-sectional study was performed using 253 vaginal swabs from women with VDS in Namibia. Demographic data was collected, and phenotypic and molecular detection of Candida species was performed fo... Candida species was detected in 110/253 women (43%). Ninety women (36%) had Candida albicans and 24 (9.5%) had non-albicans Candida species. The non-albicans species detected were 19 (17%) Candida gla... The high prevalence of Candida infection, especially those due to non-albicans Candida species that are resistant to fluconazole, is a great concern in our setting and may lead to poor treatment outco...

Maternal and fetal risk factors for stillbirth in Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia: a case-control study.

stillbirth is defined as a baby born with no signs of life. Globally, around 3.2 million stillbirths occur annually, of which, 98% are experienced in low and middle-income countries. Otjozondjupa Regi... an unmatched 1:2 case-control study was conducted. A sample of 285, 95 cases and 190 controls were chosen using simple random sampling method. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were done to assess t... maternal medical and obstetric factors significantly associated with stillbirth are: premature delivery (aOR 0.13 95% CI 0.05, 0.33, P < 0.001), gestational age (aOR 0.04, 95% CI 0.00, 0.25, P < 0.001... this study concludes that stillbirth in Otjozondjupa Region was mostly associated with maternal medical and obstetric factors. It also concluded that attending antenatal care in Otjozondjupa did not i...

Factors contributing to burnout among nurses at a district hospital in Namibia: A qualitative perspective of nurses.

The aim of this study was to explore and describe the factors that contribute to burnout among nurses.... Burnout remains one of the major occupational health problems, posing risks to human health globally. In Namibia, there has been growing public criticism of nurses, stating that they are rude or act i... A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual research design was followed as the basis for conducting the study. Using a purposive sampling technique, a sample of 20 nurses was selected from... The following three themes emerged: understanding the concept of burnout, factors leading to burnout and creating a conducive environment as a corrective measure to address burnout and to advance nurs... Burnout is indeed real and affects nurses' performance negatively. Burnout has a negative impact on the well-being of nurses both physically and emotionally, which has the potential to compromise staf... Strengthening communication between frontline health workers and management by engaging and involving them more in decision making in matters that concern them is anticipated to address poor staff man...

Experiences of support by unsuppressed adolescents living with HIV and their caregivers in Windhoek, Namibia: a qualitative study.

Adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) lag behind younger children and adults in the achievement of HIV care and treatment targets for HIV epidemic control. Treatment outcomes for adolescents may be infl... A qualitative descriptive and exploratory study was conducted in 13 public primary healthcare facilities in Windhoek, Namibia. A total of 25 in-depth interviews were conducted with unsuppressed adoles... Three main support domains for the unsuppressed adolescents emerged from our analysis, namely: psychosocial, clinical and care, and socioeconomic support. The psychosocial support was delivered throug... Psychosocial, clinical and care, and socioeconomic support are key elements in addressing the needs of adolescents challenged with achieving viral suppression. Health systems may benefit from whole-of...

Experiences of nursing students during their mental health clinical training at a general hospital in Namibia.

Clinical training is important because it constitutes more than half of the formal courses in nursing education. Accordingly, it is important for institutions of higher learning to continually explore... The aim of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of nursing students during their mental health clinical training at a general hospital in Namibia.... A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual research design was followed as the basis for conducting the study. A sample of 15 nursing students was conveniently selected from the target pop... The following three themes emerged: collating theory and mental health practice experiences, facing challenges in clinical placements, and recommendations to ensure effective learning about mental hea... The use of a general hospital for clinical placements within an undergraduate nurse training course led to some concerns regarding the relevance and appropriateness of such experience within a nursing...

Factors associated with the unsuccessful TB treatment outcomes in the northern regions of Namibia: a mixed methods study.

Tuberculosis (TB) is among the leading causes of death globally. The disease has a huge burden in Namibia, with a case notification rate of at least 442 per 100,000. To date, Namibia is among the coun... The study utilised a mixed-methods explanatory-sequential design to collect data from all TB patient records and healthcare workers who work directly with the DOTS strategy for TB patients. The relati... The overall treatment success rates of the Kunene and Oshana regions throughout the review period were 50.6% and 49.4%, respectively. The logistic regression analyses showed that in the Kunene region,... The study recommends that regional health directorates embark on rigorous community health education about TB treatment and risk factors and establish a robust patient observation and monitoring syste...

Bottlenecks and Solutions During Implementation of the DREAMS Program for Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Namibia.

We synthesize implementation bottlenecks experienced while implementing the DREAMS (Determined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS-free, Mentored, and Safe) program, an HIV prevention intervention for adolesc... Enrollment was slowed by the time-intensive nature of screening and other baseline data collection requirements, delays in acquiring parental consent, and limited time for after-school activities. Sol... We experienced difficulty identifying safe spaces for AGYW to meet. A lack of tailored curricula also impeded activities. Governments, stakeholders, and partners can plan ahead to help DREAMS identify... Uneven availability of government-provided commodities (e.g., condoms, preexposure prophylaxis [PrEP], family planning products) and lack of AGYW-centered PrEP delivery approaches impacted services. B... The availability of only centralized care following gender-based violence (GBV) and the limited number of government social workers to manage GBV cases constrained service provision. Triaging GBV case... These bottlenecks highlight practical implementation issues and higher-level considerations for AGYW-centered HIV prevention programs. The critical need for multilayered programming for HIV/GBV preven...