{
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@graph": [
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Bétalaïnes : Questions médicales les plus fréquentes",
"headline": "Bétalaïnes : Comprendre les symptômes, diagnostics et traitements",
"description": "Guide complet et accessible sur les Bétalaïnes : explications, diagnostics, traitements et prévention. Information médicale validée destinée aux patients.",
"datePublished": "2024-02-21",
"dateModified": "2025-02-15",
"inLanguage": "fr",
"medicalAudience": [
{
"@type": "MedicalAudience",
"name": "Grand public",
"audienceType": "Patient",
"healthCondition": {
"@type": "MedicalCondition",
"name": "Bétalaïnes"
},
"suggestedMinAge": 18,
"suggestedGender": "unisex"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalAudience",
"name": "Médecins",
"audienceType": "Physician",
"geographicArea": {
"@type": "AdministrativeArea",
"name": "France"
}
},
{
"@type": "MedicalAudience",
"name": "Chercheurs",
"audienceType": "Researcher",
"geographicArea": {
"@type": "AdministrativeArea",
"name": "International"
}
}
],
"reviewedBy": {
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Dr Olivier Menir",
"jobTitle": "Expert en Médecine",
"description": "Expert en Médecine, Optimisation des Parcours de Soins et Révision Médicale",
"url": "/static/pages/docteur-olivier-menir.html",
"alumniOf": {
"@type": "EducationalOrganization",
"name": "Université Paris Descartes"
}
},
"isPartOf": {
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Tyrosine",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D014443",
"about": {
"@type": "MedicalCondition",
"name": "Tyrosine",
"code": {
"@type": "MedicalCode",
"code": "D014443",
"codingSystem": "MeSH"
},
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "MeSH Tree",
"value": "D12.125.072.050.875"
}
}
},
"hasPart": [
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Bétacyanines",
"alternateName": "Betacyanins",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D050859",
"about": {
"@type": "MedicalCondition",
"name": "Bétacyanines",
"code": {
"@type": "MedicalCode",
"code": "D050859",
"codingSystem": "MeSH"
},
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "MeSH Tree",
"value": "D12.125.072.050.875.064.500"
}
}
}
],
"about": {
"@type": "MedicalCondition",
"name": "Bétalaïnes",
"alternateName": "Betalains",
"code": {
"@type": "MedicalCode",
"code": "D050858",
"codingSystem": "MeSH"
}
},
"author": [
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Francisco García-Carmona",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Francisco%20Garc%C3%ADa-Carmona",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence \"Campus Mare Nostrum″, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain."
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Fernando Gandía-Herrero",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Fernando%20Gand%C3%ADa-Herrero",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence \"Campus Mare Nostrum″, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain."
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Paula Henarejos-Escudero",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Paula%20Henarejos-Escudero",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence \"Campus Mare Nostrum″, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain."
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "M Alejandra Guerrero-Rubio",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/M%20Alejandra%20Guerrero-Rubio",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence \"Campus Mare Nostrum″, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain."
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Alfonso Timoneda",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Alfonso%20Timoneda",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK."
}
}
],
"citation": [
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Establishing severity levels for patient-reported measures of functional communication, participation, and perceived cognitive function for adults with acquired cognitive and language disorders.",
"datePublished": "2022-12-27",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/36572789",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1007/s11136-022-03337-2"
}
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Automation of Language Sample Analysis.",
"datePublished": "2023-06-22",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/37348510",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1044/2023_JSLHR-22-00642"
}
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Systematic language input improved productions of elaborated verb phrases of Cantonese-speaking children with language difficulties.",
"datePublished": "2023-01-02",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/36592049",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1080/02699206.2022.2157330"
}
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Differences in Child Language Assessment Practices Between School-Based and Non-School-Based Speech-Language Pathologists: Results From a Nationwide Survey.",
"datePublished": "2023-09-19",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/37725559",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1044/2023_LSHSS-22-00185"
}
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Language production impairments in patients with a first episode of psychosis.",
"datePublished": "2022-08-11",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/35951619",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1371/journal.pone.0272873"
}
}
],
"breadcrumb": {
"@type": "BreadcrumbList",
"itemListElement": [
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 1,
"name": "questionsmedicales.fr",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 2,
"name": "Acides aminés, peptides et protéines",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D000602"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 3,
"name": "Acides aminés",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D000596"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 4,
"name": "Acides aminés cycliques",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D000598"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 5,
"name": "Acides aminés aromatiques",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D024322"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 6,
"name": "Tyrosine",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D014443"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 7,
"name": "Bétalaïnes",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D050858"
}
]
}
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Article complet : Bétalaïnes - Questions et réponses",
"headline": "Questions et réponses médicales fréquentes sur Bétalaïnes",
"description": "Une compilation de questions et réponses structurées, validées par des experts médicaux.",
"datePublished": "2025-05-05",
"inLanguage": "fr",
"hasPart": [
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Diagnostic",
"headline": "Diagnostic sur Bétalaïnes",
"description": "Comment identifier la présence de bétalaïnes ?\nQuels tests sont utilisés pour détecter les bétalaïnes ?\nLes bétalaïnes sont-elles visibles à l'œil nu ?\nPeut-on mesurer les bétalaïnes dans le sang ?\nY a-t-il des méthodes standardisées pour le diagnostic ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D050858?mesh_terms=Language+Disorders&page=2#section-diagnostic"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Symptômes",
"headline": "Symptômes sur Bétalaïnes",
"description": "Quels sont les effets des bétalaïnes sur la santé ?\nLes bétalaïnes provoquent-elles des allergies ?\nLes bétalaïnes affectent-elles la digestion ?\nY a-t-il des effets secondaires connus ?\nLes bétalaïnes peuvent-elles colorer les urines ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D050858?mesh_terms=Language+Disorders&page=2#section-symptômes"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Prévention",
"headline": "Prévention sur Bétalaïnes",
"description": "Comment intégrer les bétalaïnes dans l'alimentation ?\nLes bétalaïnes aident-elles à prévenir des maladies ?\nY a-t-il des recommandations de consommation ?\nLes bétalaïnes sont-elles bénéfiques pour la peau ?\nPeut-on trouver des bétalaïnes dans des suppléments ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D050858?mesh_terms=Language+Disorders&page=2#section-prévention"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Traitements",
"headline": "Traitements sur Bétalaïnes",
"description": "Les bétalaïnes sont-elles utilisées en médecine ?\nComment les bétalaïnes sont-elles administrées ?\nLes bétalaïnes sont-elles efficaces contre le cancer ?\nPeut-on utiliser les bétalaïnes pour traiter l'inflammation ?\nY a-t-il des interactions médicamenteuses avec les bétalaïnes ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D050858?mesh_terms=Language+Disorders&page=2#section-traitements"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Complications",
"headline": "Complications sur Bétalaïnes",
"description": "Quelles complications peuvent survenir avec une surconsommation ?\nLes bétalaïnes peuvent-elles causer des problèmes rénaux ?\nY a-t-il des risques pour les personnes allergiques ?\nLes bétalaïnes peuvent-elles interférer avec des traitements médicaux ?\nLes bétalaïnes peuvent-elles affecter la pression artérielle ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D050858?mesh_terms=Language+Disorders&page=2#section-complications"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Facteurs de risque",
"headline": "Facteurs de risque sur Bétalaïnes",
"description": "Qui devrait éviter les bétalaïnes ?\nLes personnes atteintes de diabète peuvent-elles consommer des bétalaïnes ?\nLes bétalaïnes sont-elles sûres pour les femmes enceintes ?\nLes bétalaïnes présentent-elles des risques pour les enfants ?\nLes personnes atteintes de maladies rénales doivent-elles éviter les bétalaïnes ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D050858?mesh_terms=Language+Disorders&page=2#section-facteurs de risque"
}
]
},
{
"@type": "FAQPage",
"mainEntity": [
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment identifier la présence de bétalaïnes ?",
"position": 1,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "La présence de bétalaïnes peut être identifiée par des tests colorimétriques spécifiques."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels tests sont utilisés pour détecter les bétalaïnes ?",
"position": 2,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des tests comme la chromatographie peuvent être utilisés pour isoler et identifier les bétalaïnes."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les bétalaïnes sont-elles visibles à l'œil nu ?",
"position": 3,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, les bétalaïnes donnent des couleurs vives aux plantes, visibles à l'œil nu."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Peut-on mesurer les bétalaïnes dans le sang ?",
"position": 4,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des études montrent que les bétalaïnes peuvent être mesurées dans le plasma sanguin."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Y a-t-il des méthodes standardisées pour le diagnostic ?",
"position": 5,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, des méthodes standardisées existent pour l'analyse des bétalaïnes dans les aliments."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels sont les effets des bétalaïnes sur la santé ?",
"position": 6,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les bétalaïnes ont des propriétés antioxydantes et anti-inflammatoires bénéfiques."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les bétalaïnes provoquent-elles des allergies ?",
"position": 7,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des réactions allergiques aux bétalaïnes sont rares mais possibles chez certaines personnes."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les bétalaïnes affectent-elles la digestion ?",
"position": 8,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les bétalaïnes peuvent favoriser la digestion en stimulant la production de bile."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Y a-t-il des effets secondaires connus ?",
"position": 9,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les effets secondaires sont rares, mais une consommation excessive peut causer des troubles digestifs."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les bétalaïnes peuvent-elles colorer les urines ?",
"position": 10,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, la consommation de betteraves riches en bétalaïnes peut colorer les urines en rouge."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment intégrer les bétalaïnes dans l'alimentation ?",
"position": 11,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Consommez des aliments comme les betteraves, les figues de barbarie et les amaranthes."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les bétalaïnes aident-elles à prévenir des maladies ?",
"position": 12,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Elles peuvent contribuer à la prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires grâce à leurs propriétés antioxydantes."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Y a-t-il des recommandations de consommation ?",
"position": 13,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Il est recommandé de consommer des aliments riches en bétalaïnes plusieurs fois par semaine."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les bétalaïnes sont-elles bénéfiques pour la peau ?",
"position": 14,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, elles peuvent aider à protéger la peau des dommages causés par les radicaux libres."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Peut-on trouver des bétalaïnes dans des suppléments ?",
"position": 15,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, des suppléments de bétalaïnes sont disponibles sur le marché pour leurs bienfaits santé."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les bétalaïnes sont-elles utilisées en médecine ?",
"position": 16,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, les bétalaïnes sont étudiées pour leurs propriétés anti-inflammatoires et anticancéreuses."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment les bétalaïnes sont-elles administrées ?",
"position": 17,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Elles peuvent être consommées sous forme de jus, de compléments ou d'extraits concentrés."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les bétalaïnes sont-elles efficaces contre le cancer ?",
"position": 18,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des études préliminaires montrent que les bétalaïnes peuvent inhiber la croissance tumorale."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Peut-on utiliser les bétalaïnes pour traiter l'inflammation ?",
"position": 19,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, les bétalaïnes ont des propriétés anti-inflammatoires qui peuvent aider à réduire l'inflammation."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Y a-t-il des interactions médicamenteuses avec les bétalaïnes ?",
"position": 20,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des études sont nécessaires, mais aucune interaction significative n'a été rapportée jusqu'à présent."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quelles complications peuvent survenir avec une surconsommation ?",
"position": 21,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Une surconsommation peut entraîner des troubles digestifs comme des ballonnements ou des diarrhées."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les bétalaïnes peuvent-elles causer des problèmes rénaux ?",
"position": 22,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Aucune preuve solide ne lie les bétalaïnes à des problèmes rénaux, mais la modération est conseillée."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Y a-t-il des risques pour les personnes allergiques ?",
"position": 23,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les personnes allergiques aux plantes peuvent avoir des réactions aux bétalaïnes, bien que rares."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les bétalaïnes peuvent-elles interférer avec des traitements médicaux ?",
"position": 24,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des études sont nécessaires, mais aucune interférence significative n'a été rapportée jusqu'à présent."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les bétalaïnes peuvent-elles affecter la pression artérielle ?",
"position": 25,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Certaines études suggèrent que les bétalaïnes peuvent aider à réguler la pression artérielle."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Qui devrait éviter les bétalaïnes ?",
"position": 26,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les personnes ayant des antécédents d'allergies alimentaires devraient être prudentes."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les personnes atteintes de diabète peuvent-elles consommer des bétalaïnes ?",
"position": 27,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, mais avec modération, car les betteraves peuvent contenir des sucres naturels."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les bétalaïnes sont-elles sûres pour les femmes enceintes ?",
"position": 28,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "En général, les bétalaïnes sont considérées comme sûres, mais il est conseillé de consulter un médecin."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les bétalaïnes présentent-elles des risques pour les enfants ?",
"position": 29,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les bétalaïnes sont généralement sûres pour les enfants, mais une consommation excessive doit être évitée."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les personnes atteintes de maladies rénales doivent-elles éviter les bétalaïnes ?",
"position": 30,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Il est conseillé de consulter un médecin, car les bétalaïnes peuvent affecter la fonction rénale."
}
}
]
}
]
}
To empirically assign severity levels (e.g., mild, moderate) to four relatively new patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for adults with acquired cognitive/language disorders. They include the Co...
We conducted 17 focus groups that comprised 22 adults with an acquired cognitive/language disorder from stroke, Parkinson's disease, or traumatic brain injury; 30 care partners of an adult with an acq...
There was generally good agreement among the stakeholder groups about how to classify vignettes, particularly when they reflected very high or low functioning. People with aphasia described a larger r...
Standardized, stakeholder-informed severity levels that aid interpretation of PROM scores can help clinicians and researchers derive better clinical meaning from those scores, for example, by identify...
A major barrier to the wider use of language sample analysis (LSA) is the fact that transcription is very time intensive. Methods that can reduce the required time and effort could help in promoting t...
This article describes an automated pipeline, called Batchalign, that takes raw audio and creates full transcripts in Codes for the Human Analysis of Talk (CHAT) transcription format, complete with ut...
For work with recordings from adults with language disorders, six major results were obtained: (a) The word error rate was between 2.4% for controls and 3.4% for patients, (b) utterance tokenization a...
The pipeline dramatically shortens the time gap between data collection and data analysis and provides an output superior to that typically generated by human transcribers....
It has been well-documented that language input designed according to the principles of statistical learning can promote language acquisition among children with or without language disorder. Cantones...
The purpose of this study was to compare child language assessment practices of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) working in school and nonschool settings to determine if their place of employment i...
School-based SLPs (e.g., direct service providers employed in preschool and/or K-12 schools;...
Both school-based and non-school-based SLPs reported using a combination of assessment tools when evaluating children with potential language disorders. School-based SLPs tended to rank the frequency ...
SLPs practicing in school-based settings seem to handle more employment-based factors that impact independent diagnostic decision making than SLPs working in different employment settings when assessi...
Language production has often been described as impaired in psychiatric diseases such as in psychosis. Nevertheless, little is known about the characteristics of linguistic difficulties and their rela...
To date, cerebellar contribution to language is well established via clinical and neuroimaging studies. However, the particular functional role of the cerebellum in language remains to be clarified. I...
The authors applied natural language processing and machine learning to explore the disease-related language patterns that warrant objective measures for assessing language ability in Japanese patient...
The authors obtained 276 speech samples from 42 patients with AD and 52 healthy controls, aged 50 years or older. A natural language processing library for Python was used, spaCy, with an add-on libra...
The model resulted in an accuracy of 0.84 (SD = 0.06), and an area under the curve of 0.90 (SD = 0.03). Among the features that were important for such predictions, seven of the top 10 features were r...
The current study demonstrated a promising level of accuracy for predicting AD and found the language patterns corresponding to the type of lexical-semantic decline known as 'empty speech', which is r...
Language sample analysis (LSA) is invaluable to describe and understand child language use and development for clinical purposes and research. Digital tools supporting LSA are available, but many of t...
To better understand the complexity, challenges, and future needs of automatic LSA from a technological perspective, including the tasks of transcribing, annotating, and analysing natural child langua...
Existing tools vary in their extent of automation provided across the process of LSA. Advances in machine learning for speech recognition and processing have potential to facilitate LSA, but the speci...
Syntax has been called the structural foundation of language, as its development allows for more efficient and effective communication. Complex syntax production is known to lag in children and adoles...
Conversational, narrative, and expository language samples were elicited from 85 children with typically developing language ages 8;0-11;11 (years;months). Samples were transcribed and analyzed for th...
Syntactic measures differed significantly across the three sampling contexts. Namely, narrative and expository language samples elicited longer utterances and more syntactically complex language than ...
Differences in syntactic measures between conversation and narrative samples and conversation and expository samples within children ages 8-11 years support use of narrative and expository contexts as...
Acquired central dysgraphia is a heterogeneous neurological disorder that usually co-occurs with other language disorders. Written language training is relevant to improve everyday skills and as a com...
We performed a systematic review of speech and language therapies for acquired dysgraphia in studies of neurological diseases (PROSPERO: CRD42018084221), following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Item...
Eleven studies of 43 patients in total were included. For each study, we collected data on type of population, type of impairment, experimental design, type of treatment, and measured outcomes. The st...
Although there is a need for further experimental evidence, most treatments showed good applicability and improvement of written skills in patients with dysgraphia. Lexical treatments appear to be mor...