The Emergence of Forgiveness in Young Children.
Journal
Child development
ISSN: 1467-8624
Titre abrégé: Child Dev
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0372725
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
11 2019
11 2019
Historique:
pubmed:
3
4
2018
medline:
23
6
2020
entrez:
3
4
2018
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Humans depend greatly on our cooperative relationships. Thus, when our relationships are damaged by transgressions, they need to be repaired. Such repair requires that the transgressor show remorse and the victim forgive. Previous research demonstrates that as transgressors, young children show remorse and attempt to repair the harm they caused. However, it remains unclear when children, as victims, forgive remorseful transgressors. In Study 1, 5-, but not 4-year-olds, (n = 20 each) were more forgiving of a remorseful transgressor (who did not explicitly apologize) than an unremorseful transgressor. In Study 2, 4-year-olds (n = 20) were more forgiving of an apologetic than unapologetic transgressor. Thus, from early in ontogeny, humans are motivated to repair damaged relationships and thus uphold cooperation.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1969-1986Informations de copyright
© 2018 Society for Research in Child Development.
Références
Adams, G. S., Zou, X., Inesi, M. E., & Pillutla, M. M. (2015). Forgiveness is not always divine: When expressing forgiveness makes others avoid you. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 126, 130-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.10.003
Berry, J. W., & Worthington, E. L. (2001). Forgivingness, relationship quality, stress while imagining relationship events, and physical and mental health. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 447-455. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.48.4.447
Boseovski, J. J., & Lee, K. (2006). Children's use of frequency information for trait categorization and behavioral prediction. Developmental Psychology, 42, 500-513. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.3.500
Castelfranchi, C., & Poggi, I. (1990). Blushing as discourse: Was Darwin wrong? In W. R. Crozier (Ed.), Shyness and embarrassment: Perspectives from social psychology (pp. 230-254). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511571183
Darby, B. W., & Schlenker, B. R. (1982). Children's reactions to apologies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 742-753. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.43.4.742
Darby, B. W., & Schlenker, B. R. (1989). Children's reactions to transgressions: Effects of the actor's apology, reputation and remorse. British Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 353-364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00879.x
Drell, M. B., & Jaswal, V. K. (2016). Making amends: Children's expectations about and responses to apologies. Social Development, 25, 742-758. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12168
Harris, P. L. (1989). Children and emotion: The development of psychological understanding. Cambridge, MA, US: Basil Blackwell.
Heyman, G. D., & Dweck, C. S. (1998). Children's thinking about traits: Implications for judgments of the self and others. Child Development, 69, 391-403. https://doi.org/10.2307/1132173
Irwin, D. M., & Moore, S. G. (1971). The young child's understanding of social justice. Developmental Psychology, 5, 406-410. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031614
Karremans, J. C., Van Lange, P. A. M., Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Kluwer, E. S. (2003). When forgiving enhances psychological well-being: The role of interpersonal commitment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1011-1026. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.1011
Keltner, D., & Anderson, C. (2000). Saving face for Darwin: The functions and uses of embarrassment. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 187-192. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00091
Keltner, D., Young, R. C., & Buswell, B. N. (1997). Appeasement in human emotion, social practice, and personality. Aggressive Behavior, 23, 359-374. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1997)23:5<359::AID-AB5>3.0.CO;2-D
Kochanska, G., Gross, J. N., Lin, M.-H., & Nichols, K. E. (2002). Guilt in young children: Development, determinants, and relations with a broader system of standards. Child Development, 73, 461-482. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00418
Lamb, S. (2006). Forgiveness, women, and responsibility to the group. Journal of Human Rights, 5, 45-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/14754830500485874
Leary, M. R., Landel, J. L., & Patton, K. M. (1996). The motivated expression of embarrassment following a self-presentational predicament. Journal of Personality, 64, 619-636. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00524.x
McCullough, M. E. (2008). Beyond revenge: The evolution of the forgiveness instinct. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
McCullough, M. E., Worthington, E. L., & Rachal, K. C. (1997). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 321-336. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.321
Metcalfe, J., & Mischel, W. (1999). A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower. Psychological Review, 106, 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.1.3
Ohbuchi, K., Kameda, M., & Agarie, N. (1989). Apology as aggression control: Its role in mediating appraisal of and response to harm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 219-227. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.219
Orcutt, H. K. (2006). The prospective relationship of interpersonal forgiveness and psychological distress symptoms among college women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 350-361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.350
Petrucci, C. J. (2002). Apology in the criminal justice setting: Evidence for including apology as an additional component in the legal system. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 20, 337-362. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.495
Pons, F., Lawson, J., Harris, P. L., & de Rosnay, M. (2003). Individual differences in children's emotion understanding: Effects of age and language. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 44, 347-353. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00354
Rholes, W. S., & Rubel, D. N. (1984). Children's understanding of dispositional characteristics of others. Child Development, 55, 550-560. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129966
Ronfard, S., & Lane, J. D. (2018). Preschoolers continually adjust their epistemic trust based on an informant's ongoing accuracy. Child Development, 89, 414-429. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12720
Ruble, D. N., & Dweck, C. S. (1995). Self-conceptions, person conceptions, and their development. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology. Vol. 15: Social development (pp. 109-139). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Smith, C. E., Blake, P. R., & Harris, P. L. (2013). I should but I won't: Why young children endorse norms of fair sharing but do not follow them. PLoS ONE, 8, e59510. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059510
Smith, C. E., Chen, D., & Harris, P. L. (2010). When the happy victimizer says sorry: Children's understanding of apology and emotion. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 28, 727-746. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151009X475343
Smith, C. E., & Harris, P. L. (2012). He didn't want me to feel sad: Children's reactions to disappointment and apology. Social Development, 21, 215-228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2011.00606.x
Smith, C. E., Noh, J. Y., Rizzo, M. T., & Harris, P. L. (2017). When and why parents prompt their children to apologize: The roles of transgression type and parenting style. Journal of Family Studies, 23, 38-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2016.1176588
Tomasello, M., Melis, A. P., Tennie, C., Wyman, E., & Herrmann, E. (2012). Two key steps in the evolution of human cooperation: The interdependence hypothesis. Current Anthropology, 53, 673-692. https://doi.org/10.1086/668207
Vaish, A., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2011). Young children's responses to guilt displays. Developmental Psychology, 47, 1248-1262. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024462
Vaish, A., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2016). The early emergence of guilt-motivated prosocial behavior. Child Development, 87, 1772-1782. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12628
Wellman, H. M., Larkey, C., & Somerville, S. C. (1979). The early development of moral criteria. Child Development, 50, 869-873. https://doi.org/10.2307/1128956
Witvliet, C. v. O., Ludwig, T. E., & Vander Laan, K. L. (2001). Granting forgiveness or harboring grudges: Implications for emotion, physiology, and health. Psychological Science, 12, 117-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00320
Worthington, E. L. (2010). The new science of forgiveness. In D. Keltner, J. Marsh, & J. A. Smith (Eds.), The compassionate instinct: The science of human goodness (pp. 62-71). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
Zitek, E. M., Jordan, A. H., Monin, B., & Leach, F. R. (2010). Victim entitlement to behave selfishly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 245-255. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017168