Child Loss, Social Capital, and Depressive Symptoms Among Elderly Adults in Urban and Rural China.

The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating effects of individual and community social capital on the relationship between child loss and depressive symptoms among elderly adults in China. A sample of 2,581 elderly adults in 272 rural communities and 826 elderly adults in 116 urban communities was drawn from Chinese Health and Retirement Longitudinal Studies. Hierarchical linear modeling was applied in the analysis. Social participation as an indicator of individual social capital has a buffering effect on depressive symptoms among rural bereaved parents while it is not beneficial for urban bereaved parents. In contrast, community social capital may be a protective factor for the mental health of urban bereaved parents, but no so for those in rural areas. These findings highlight the complex interplay of social capital and broader socio-cultural contexts in rural and urban China and suggest policy implications.