In Vivo Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease Using Tissue Deformation Fields From Dynamic MR Imaging.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious medical condition characterized by gradual loss of kidney function. Early detection and diagnosis is mandatory for adequate therapy and prognostic improvement. Hence, in the current pilot study we explore the use of image registration methods for detecting renal morphologic changes in patients with CKD. Ten healthy volunteers and nine patients with presumed CKD underwent dynamic T1 weighted imaging without contrast agent. From real and simulated dynamic time series, kidney deformation fields were estimated using a poroelastic deformation model. From the deformation fields several quantitative parameters reflecting pressure gradients, and volumetric and shear deformations were computed. Eight of the patients also underwent a kidney biopsy as a gold standard. We found that the absolute deformation, normalized volume changes, as well as pressure gradients correlated significantly with arteriosclerosis from biopsy assessments. Furthermore, our results indicate that current image registration methodologies are lacking sensitivity to recover mild changes in tissue stiffness. Image registration applied to dynamic time series correlated with structural renal changes and should be further explored as a tool for invasive measurements of arteriosclerosis. Under the assumption that the proposed framework can be further developed in terms of sensitivity and specificity, it can provide clinicians with a non-invasive tool of high spatial coverage available for characterization of arteriosclerosis and potentially other pathological changes observed in chronic kidney disease.