Update upon the infection risk in patients receiving TNF alpha inhibitors.

TNF-α inhibitors can be administered either as monotherapy or in combination with other anti-inflammatory drugs or DMARDs in the treatment of chronic immune-mediated diseases. Patients receiving TNF-α inhibitors are at high risk of infections. An update is made on the risk of infection in patients receiving TNF-α inhibitors and the strategies for mitigating against the development of these serious adverse events. Infliximab than etanercept appears to be responsible for the increased risk of infections. Re-activation of latent tuberculosis infection and the overall risk of opportunistic infections should be considered before beginning a course of TNF-α inhibitors. A careful medical history, Mantoux test/quantiferon-TB Gold In-tube Test and chest-X-ray should always be performed before starting TNF-α inhibitors. Particular attention should be paid to risk factors for Pneumocystis jirovecii infection. Hepatitis B and C virological follow-up should be considered during TNF-α inhibitors treatment. Finally, appropriate vaccinations for influenza, S. pneumoniae, and HBV should be administered to decrease the risk of infection, and patients who are at high risk of herpes zoster reactivation would benefit from a second vaccination in adulthood.