Impact of maternal BMI and gestational diabetes mellitus on maternal and cord blood metabolome: results from the PREOBE cohort study.

Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) were frequently reported to be risk factors for obesity and diabetes in offspring. Our goal was to study the impact of maternal prepregnancy BMI (pBMI) and GDM on both maternal and cord blood metabolic profiles. We used LC-MS/MS to measure 201 metabolites comprising phospholipids (PL), amino acids, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), organic acids, acyl carnitines (AC), and Krebs cycle metabolites in maternal plasma at delivery and cord plasma obtained from 325 PREOBE study participants. Several metabolites were associated with pBMI/GDM in both maternal and cord blood (p < 0.05), while others were specific to either blood sources. BMI was positively associated with leucine, isoleucine, and inflammation markers in both mother and offspring, while β-hydroxybutyric acid was positively associated only in cord blood. GDM showed elevated levels of sum of hexoses, a characteristic finding in both maternal and cord blood. Uniquely in cord blood of offspring born to GDM mothers, free carnitine was significantly lower with the same tendency observed for AC, long-chain NEFA, PL, specific Krebs cycle metabolites, and β-oxidation markers. Maternal BMI and GDM are associated with maternal and cord blood metabolites supporting the hypothesis of transgenerational cycle of obesity and diabetes.