Tools and Methods Used for the Assessment of Body Composition in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis: A Systematic Review.
bioimpedance analysis
body composition
cystic fibrosis
dual X-ray absorptiometry
Journal
Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
ISSN: 1941-2452
Titre abrégé: Nutr Clin Pract
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8606733
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Oct 2019
Oct 2019
Historique:
pubmed:
8
2
2019
medline:
4
3
2020
entrez:
8
2
2019
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by changes in fat mass and lean body mass that may have important prognostic value. We aim to appraise the type and frequency of application of body composition (BC) methods in child and adult patients with CF. We used 4 databases (Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) to perform the literature search. The search was conducted from January 2017 to February 2017. Two independent reviewers selected articles based on titles and abstracts to check eligibility for inclusion. All study designs or types of articles (abstract, full text) were considered. Eighty-four full-text articles and 40 studies presented only as abstracts were selected. Sixty-four studies included children and adolescents (age range of 0.1-18 years), and 41 studies recruited adults (range of 18-57 years); 13 studies included both age groups. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used in 56 studies (33.9%), and bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) was used in 12 studies (9.7%), whereas 38 studies (30.6%) combined different methods (up to 5 different methods) to assess BC. The results show a large variability in the application of BC methods in patients with CF that makes the comparison between studies difficult. The only methods with a sufficient body of literature are DXA and BIA.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by changes in fat mass and lean body mass that may have important prognostic value. We aim to appraise the type and frequency of application of body composition (BC) methods in child and adult patients with CF.
METHODS
METHODS
We used 4 databases (Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) to perform the literature search. The search was conducted from January 2017 to February 2017. Two independent reviewers selected articles based on titles and abstracts to check eligibility for inclusion. All study designs or types of articles (abstract, full text) were considered.
RESULTS
RESULTS
Eighty-four full-text articles and 40 studies presented only as abstracts were selected. Sixty-four studies included children and adolescents (age range of 0.1-18 years), and 41 studies recruited adults (range of 18-57 years); 13 studies included both age groups. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used in 56 studies (33.9%), and bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) was used in 12 studies (9.7%), whereas 38 studies (30.6%) combined different methods (up to 5 different methods) to assess BC.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
The results show a large variability in the application of BC methods in patients with CF that makes the comparison between studies difficult. The only methods with a sufficient body of literature are DXA and BIA.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Systematic Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
701-714Subventions
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MR/M008797/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Informations de copyright
© 2019 American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition.
Références
Fanen P, Wohlhuter-Haddad A, Hinzpeter A. Genetics of cystic fibrosis: CFTR mutation classifications toward genotype-based CF therapies. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2014;52:94-102.
Dodge JA, Lewis PA, Stanton M, Wilsher J. Cystic fibrosis mortality and survival in the UK: 1947-2003. Eur Respir J. 2007;29(3):522-526.
Lai H, Kosorok M, Sondel S. Growth status in children with cystic fibrosis based on the National Cystic Fibrosis Patient Registry data: evaluation of various criteria used to identify malnutrition. J Pediatr. 1998;132(3):478-485.
Scaparrotta A, Di Pillo S, Attanasi M, et al. Growth failure in children with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2012;25(5-6):393-405.
Turck D, Braegger CP, Colombo C, et al. ESPEN-ESPGHAN-ECFS guidelines on nutrition care for infants, children, and adults with cystic fibrosis. Clin Nutr. 2016;35(3):1-21.
World Health Organization. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2003:54-71.
Mattsson S, Thomas BJ. Development of methods for body composition studies. Phys Med Biol. 2006;51(13):R203-R228.
Enright S, Chatham K, Ionescu AA, Unnithan VB, Shale DJ. The influence of body composition on respiratory muscle, lung function and diaphragm thickness in adults with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2007;6(6):384-390.
King SJ, Nyulasi IB, Strauss BJG, Kotsimbos T, Bailey M, Wilson JW. Fat-free mass depletion in cystic fibrosis: associated with lung disease severity but poorly detected by body mass index. Nutrition. 2010;26(7-8):753-759.
Charatsi AM, Dusser P, Freund R, et al. Bioelectrical impedance in young patients with cystic fibrosis: validation of a specific equation and clinical relevance. J Cyst Fibros. 2016;15(6):825-833.
Williams J, Wells J, Wilson C, Haroun D, Lucas A, Fewtrell M. Evaluation of Lunar Prodigy dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for assessing body composition in healthy individuals and patients by comparison with the four-component model. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;68:1047-1054.
Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(10):e1-34.
Downs S, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Heal. 1998;52:377-384.
Bianchi ML, Limonta C, Vai S, Colombo C. Body composition in children and adolescents affected by different chronic diseases. Bone. 2009;45(2009):S65-S66.
Karthika J, D'Souza G, Devaraj U. European Respiratory Society Annual Congress. Med Pulm Med. 2012;34:2012.
Brookes DSK, Briody JN, Munns CF, Hill RJ, Davies PSW. Bone structural parameters in pre and pubertal individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). Osteoporos Int. 2011;22(4):S663.
Mailhot G. Bone quality in end-stage cystic fibrosis patients. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014;49:E140.
Marostica P, Souza R, Baptista R, et al. Ultrasound and adipometer body fat measurement of cystic fibrosis (CF) children and adolescents. J Cyst Fibros. 2015;14:S116.
Sheikh S, Zemel B, Stallings V, Rubenstein R, Kelly A. The association of lean body mass with pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185:A5264.
Proud D, Rezaie M, Stoakes A, Ketchell I, Duckers J. 254 Body composition; expect the unexpected! J Cyst Fibros. 2012;11:S121.
Oldroyd B, Rhodes L, Wolfe S, et al. Longitudinal changes in growth, bone parameters and body composition indices in six male paediatric patients with cystic fibrosis. Bone. 2009;45:S68.
Alicandro G, Battezzati A, Speziali C, Loi S, Colombo C. Accuracy of simple methods to estimate body composition in cystic fibrosis patients. J Cyst Fibros. 2012;11:S121.
Greer R, Shepherd R, Cleghorn G, Bowling FG, Holt T. Evaluation of growth and changes in body composition following neonatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1991;13(1):52-58.
Sheperd RW, Holt TL, Greer R, Cleghorn GJ, Thomas BJ. Total body potassium in cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1989;9:200-205.
Alicandro G, Bisogno A, Battezzati A, Bianchi ML, Corti F, Colombo C. Recurrent pulmonary exacerbations are associated with low fat free mass and low bone mineral density in young adults with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2014;13(3):328-334.
Baker JF, Putman MS, Herlyn K, Tillotson AP, Finkelstein JS, Merkel PA. Body composition, lung function, and prevalent and progressive bone deficits among adults with cystic fibrosis. Jt Bone Spine. 2016;83(2):207-211.
Borowitz, D., Conboy K. Are bioelectric impedance measurements valid in patients with cystic fibrosis? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1994;18(4):453-456.
Cemlyn-Jones J, Gamboa F, Loureiro M, Baganha MF. Evaluation of bone mineral density in cystic fibrosis patients. Rev Port Pneumol. 2008;14(5):625-634.
Driscoll MO, Daniels T. Characterisation of the bone health status by dexa scanning of adult cf patients attending a regional UK centre. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;50:416.
Gronowitz E, Garemo M, Lindblad A, Mellstrom D, Strandvik B. Decreased bone mineral density in normal-growing patients with cystic fibrosis. Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr. 2003;92(6):688-693.
Hollander FM, De Roos NM, De Vries JHM, Van Berkhout FT. Assessment of nutritional status in adult patients with cystic fibrosis: Whole-body bioimpedance vs body mass index, skinfolds, and leg-to-leg bioimpedance. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(4):549-555.
King S, Wilson J, Kotsimbos T, Bailey M, Nyulasi I. Body composition assessment in adults with cystic fibrosis: Comparison of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with skinfolds and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Nutrition. 2005;21(11):1087-1094.
Prais D. The role of quantitative ultrasound in the evaluation of CF related bone status. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010;45:S33.
Proud D, Rezaie M, Ketchell RI, Lau D, Duckers J. 196 Change in body composition pre and post lung transplant in adult CF patients. J Cyst Fibros. 2016;15:S101.
Sheikh S, Gemma S, Patel A. Factors associated with low bone mineral density in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Bone Miner Metab. 2015;33(2):180-185.
Tejero S, Cejudo P, Quintana-Gallego E, Sañudo B, Oliva-Pascual-Vaca A. The role of daily physical activity and nutritional status on bone turnover in cystic fibrosis: a cross-sectional study. Brazilian J Phys Ther. 2016;20(3):206-212.
Ziai S, Coriati A, Chabot K, Mailhot M, Richter MV, Rabasa-Lhoret R. Agreement of bioelectric impedance analysis and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for body composition evaluation in adults with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2014;13(5):585-588.
Beaumesnil M, Chaillou E, Wagner AC, Rouquette A, Audran M, Giniès JL. Composition corporelle des patients mucoviscidosiques - comparaison de 3 techniques de mesure: Anthropometrie, absorptiometrie biphotonique et impedancemetrie. Arch Pediatr. 2011;18(4):370-375.
Hardin DS, Arumugam R, Seilheimer DK, LeBlanc A. Normal bone mineral density in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child. 2001;84(4):363-368.
Swisher AK, Yeater R, Moffett K, Baer L, Stanton B. A comparison of methods to determine body fat in individuals with cysticfibrosis: a pilot study. J Exerc Physiol Online. 2003;6(2):105-114.
Hilton NP, Morris AR, Walshaw MJ, Greenwood J, Ledson MJ. WS21.5 The use of serum creatinine to estimate skeletal muscle mass in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2015;14:S40.
Solarino G, Vicenti G, Spinarelli A, Abate A, Carrozzo M, Cagnetta VMB. Assessing bone mineral density in Italian adult cystic fibrosis patients: a cross sectional study. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2015;29:79-85.
Tierney AC, Edgeworth D, Williams E, et al. Ivacaftor and its effects on body composition in adults with G551D related cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2015;14:S50.
Williams J, Crabtree N, Benden C, Suri R, Jaffe A, Fewtrell M. Longitudinal changes in bone mass in children with cystic fibrosis: effect of size adjustment using bone mineral apparent density. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95(1):95-97.
Alexia J. Murphy, Alford, RJ, Hill DP. Body cell mass in children with clinical conditions. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69:S10-S19.
Bisogno A, Alicandro G, Bianchi ML, Colombo C. 273 Low fat free mass index is a risk factor for hospitalization in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2013;12:S118.
Roddy M, Elnazir B, McDonnell C, Nadeem M, Greally P. The bone mineral density of children with CF. Bone Abstr. 2013;2:177.
Nadeem M. Longitudinal changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in young people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Ir J Med Sci. 2010;179:S12.
Jaksic M, Sharma S, Fenwick S, Cundy T, Byrnes C. Bone mineral density, bone mass acquisition and nutritional status in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2016;15:S100.
Bianchi ML, Romano G, Saraifoger S, Costantini D, Limonta C, Colombo C. BMD and body composition in children and young patients affected by cystic fibrosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(3):388-396.
De Meer K, Gulmans VA, Westerterp KR, Houwen RH, Berger R. Skinfold measurements in children with cystic fibrosis: monitoring fat-free mass and exercise effects. Eur J Pediatr. 1999;158(10):800-806.
King SJ, Nyulasi IB, Bailey M, Kotsimbos T, Wilson JW. Loss of fat-free mass over four years in adult cystic fibrosis is associated with high serum interleukin-6 levels but not tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Clin Nutr. 2014;33(1):150-155.
Stettler N, Kawachak DA, Boyle LL, et al. A prospective study of body composition changes in children with cystic fibrosis. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2000;904:406-409.
Ujhelyi R, Treszl A, Vasarhelyi B, et al. Bone mineral density and bone acquisition in children and young adults with cystic fibrosis: a follow-up study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;38(4):401-406.
Williams JE. Body composition in young children with cystic fibrosis. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2013;106:168-173.
Puiman PJ, Francis P, Buntain H, Wainwright C, Masters B, Davies PSW. Total body water in children with cystic fibrosis using bioelectrical impedance. J Cyst Fibros. 2004;3(4):243-247.
Djeddi D. Influence of body composition on FEV(1), FEV(6), FEV(1)/FEV(6) and peak expiratory flow rate. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010;50:E1-E217.
Scott DG, Atlas A, Goyette A, Bustami R. Validation of hand-to-foot bioelectrical impedance analysis with air-displacement plethysmography in the assessment of body composition in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012;47:314.
Junge S, Stein L, Schluter K, Hoyng C. Phase angle (PA) from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in children with cystic fibrosis (CF). J Cyst Fibros. 2012;11:S121.
Almajan-Guta B, Avram C, Rusu A, et al. Improvement of body composition parameters after an individualized training program in young patients with CF. J Cyst Fibros. 2012;11:S107.
Hatziagorou E, Katseni V, Karagiozoglou-Lampoudi T, Lampoudis D, Tsanakas J. Conventional and novel assessment tools for the evaluation of nutrition status of children with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2013;12:S119.
Svekusova M, Feketeova A, Podracka L. 284 Bioimpedance spectroscopy-derived body composition indices reveal lean tissue mass depletion in pediatrie cystic fibrosis patients. J Cyst Fibros. 2011;10(1):S72.
Proud D, Rezaie M, Ketchell RI, Lau D, Duckers J. 191 Test-retest reliability of bioelectrical impedance and hand grip strength over 1 year in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2016;15:S99-S100.
King SJ, Sekuloska Z, Gallo R, et al. 210 Changes in the nutritional status and dietary intake of adults with cystic fibrosis since 1997. J Cyst Fibros. 2014;13:S100.
Forte GC, Pereira JS, Drehmer M, Simon MI. Anthropometric and dietary intake indicators as predictors of pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis patients. J Bras Pneumol. 2012;38(4):470-476.
Ionescu AA, Chatham K, Davies CA, Nixon LS, Enright S, Shale DJ. Inspiratory muscle function and body composition in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158(4):1271-1276.
Miller M, Ward L, Thomas BJ, Cooksley WG, Shepherd RW. Altered body composition and muscle protein degradation in nutritionally growth-retarded children with cystic fibrosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982;36(3):492-499.
McNaughton SA, Shepherd RW, Greer RG, Cleghorn GJ, Thomas BJ. Nutritional status of children with cystic fibrosis measured by total body potassium as a marker of body cell mass: lack of sensitivity of anthropometric measures. J Pediatr. 2000;136(2):188-194.
Thomson M, Bucolo S, Thomas B, Holt T, Shepherd R. The body cell mass and altered protein energy metabolism in cystic fibrosis. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1995;4(1):141-142.
De Waele D, Biervliet V, Louis, O, et al. Quantitative ultrasound results at the fore-arm are independent of anthropometry in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(7):2015-2024.
Bai W, Binkley TL, Wallace JW, Carver TW, Specker BL. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) bone measurements in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51(1):28-33.
Brookes DSK, Briody JN, Munns CF, Davies PSW, Hill RJ. Cystic fibrosis-related bone disease in children: examination of peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) data. J Cyst Fibros. 2015;14(5):668-677.
Alvarez JA, Ziegler TR, Millson EC, Stecenko AA. Body composition and lung function in cystic fibrosis and their association with adiposity and normal-weight obesity. Nutrition. 2016;32(4):447-452.
Gruet M, Decorte N, Mely L, et al. Skeletal muscle contractility and fatigability in adults with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2016;15(1):e1-e8.
Dusser P, Elie C, Nguyen HA, Sermet-Gaudelus I. WS16.8 Validation of bioelectrical impedance for routine monitoring of nutritional status in cystic fibrosis patients. J Cyst Fibros. 2013;12:S33.
Azcue M, Fried M, Pencharz PB. Use of bioelectrical impedance analysis to measure total body water in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1993;16(4):440-445.
Hatziagorou E, Christoforidis A, Avramidou V. Bone mineral density and quantitative ultrasound in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2010;9:S84.
Quirk P, Ward LC, Thomas BJ, Holt TL, Shepherd RW, Cornish BH. Multiple frequency bioelectrical impedance for the prediction of total body potassium in cystic fibrosis. Clin Nutr. 1995;14(6):348-353.
Slosman DO. Assessment of whole body composition with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Radiology. 1992;185:593-598.
Wells GD, Heale L, Schneiderman JE, et al. Assessment of body composition in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008;43(10):1025-1032.
De Waele, K, Louis O, Goemaere S, et al. “Can quantitative ultrasound replace bone mineral assessment by DXA or pQCT in patients with cystic fibrosis?” Bone. 2009;45:S73-S74.
Ionescu AA, Evans WD, Pettit RJ, Nixon LS, Stone MD, Shale DJ. Hidden depletion of fat-free mass and bone mineral density in adults with cystic fibrosis. Chest. 2003;124(6):2220-2228.
Quirk PC, Ward LC, Thomas BJ, Holt TL, Shepherd RW, Cornish BH. Evaluation of bioelectrical impedance for prospective nutritional assessment in cystic fibrosis. Nutrition. 1997;13(5):412-416.
Salamoni F, Roulet M, Gudinchet F, Pilet M, Thiebaud D, Burckhardt P. Bone mineral content in cystic fibrosis patients: correlation with fat-free mass. Arch Dis Child. 1996;74(4):314-318.
Spicher V, Roulet M, Schaffner C, Schutz Y. Bio-electrical impedance analysis for estimation of fat-free mass and muscle mass in cystic fibrosis patients. Eur J Pediatr. 1993;152:222-225.
Tomezsko JL, Scanlin TF, Stallings VA. Body composition of children with cystic fibrosis with mild clinical manifestations compared with normal children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59(1):123-128.
Borovnicar DJ, Stroud DB, Bines JE, Haslam RHM, Strauss BJG. Comparison of total body chlorine, potassium, and water measurements in children with cystic fibrosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(1):36-43.
Gordon CM, Anderson EJ, Herlyn K, et al. Nutrient status of adults with cystic fibrosis. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007;107(12):2114-2119.
Groeneweg M, Tan S, Boot AM, de Jongste JC, Bouquet J, Sinaasappel M. Assessment of nutritional status in children with cystic fibrosis: conventional anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis. A cross-sectional study in Dutch patients. J Cyst Fibros. 2002;1(4):276-280.
Hauschild DB, Barbosa E, Moreira EAM, et al. Nutrition status parameters and hydration status by bioelectrical impedance vector analysis were associated with lung function impairment in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Nutr Clin Pract. 2016;31(3):378-386.
Henderson RC, Madsen CD. Bone mineral content and body composition in children and young adults with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1999;27(2):80-84.
Henderson RC, Madsen CD. Bone density in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr. 1996;128(1):28-34.
Panagopoulou P, Fotoulaki M, Manolitsas A, Pavlitou-Tsiontsi E, Tsitouridis I, Nousia-Arvanitakis S. Adiponectin and body composition in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2008;7(3):244-251.
Shepherd RW, Greer RM, McNaughton SA, Wotton M, Cleghorn GJ. Energy expenditure and the body cell mass in cystic fibrosis. Nutrition. 2001;17(1):22-25.
Marín VB, Velandia S, Hunter B, et al. Energy expenditure, nutrition status, and body composition in children with cystic fibrosis. Nutrition. 2004;20(2):181-186.
Alicandro G, Battezzati A, Bianchi ML, et al. Estimating body composition from skinfold thicknesses and bioelectrical impedance analysis in cystic fibrosis patients. J Cyst Fibros. 2015;14(6):784-791.
Newby MJ, Keim NL, Brown DL. Body composition of adult cystic fibrosis patients and control subjects as determined by densitometry, bioelectrical impedance, total-body electrical conductivity, skinfold measurements, and deuterium oxide dilution. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;52(2):209-213.
Williams JE, Wells JCK, Benden C, et al. Body composition assessed by the 4-component model and association with lung function in 6-12-y-old children with cystic fibrosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(6):1332-1343.
Culhane S, George C, Pearo B, Spoede E. Malnutrition in cystic fibrosis: a review. Nutr Clin Pract. 2013;28(6):676-683.
Debray D, Kelly D, Houwen R, Strandvik B, Colombo C. Best practice guidance for the diagnosis and management of cystic fibrosis-associated liver disease. J Cyst Fibros. 2011;10(2):S29-S36.
Li L, Somerset S. Digestive system dysfunction in cystic fibrosis: challenges for nutrition therapy. Dig Liver Dis. 2014;46(10):865-874.
Stallings VA, Stark LJ, Robinson KA, Feranchak AP, Quinton H. Evidence-based practice recommendations for nutrition-related management of children and adults with cystic fibrosis and pancreatic insufficiency: results of a systematic review. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(5):832-839.
Kalnins D, Wilschanski M. Maintenance of nutritional status in patients with cystic fibrosis: new and emerging therapies. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2012;6:151-161.
Thibault R, Pichard C. The evaluation of body composition: a useful tool for clinical practice. Ann Nutr Metab. 2012;60(1):6-16.
Engelen MPKJ, Schroder R, Van der Hoorn K, Deutz NEP, Com G. Use of body mass index percentile to identify fat-free mass depletion in children with cystic fibrosis. Clin Nutr. 2012;31(6):927-933.
Ionescu AA, Nixon LS, Evans WD, et al. Bone density, body composition, and inflammatory status in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(3):789-794.
Fenger R V, Gonzalez-Quintela A, Vidal C, et al. The longitudinal relationship of changes of adiposity to changes in pulmonary function and risk of asthma in a general adult population. BMC Pulm Med. 2014;14:208.
Chaves CRM, Cunha ALP. Estado nutricional e distribuição de gordura corporal em crianças e adolescentes com Fibrose Cística. Cien Saude Colet. 2015;20(11):3319-3328.
Javier R-M, Jacquot J. Bone disease in cystic fibrosis: what's new? Joint Bone Spine. 2011;78(5):445-450.
Sermet-Gaudelus I, Bianchi ML, Garabédian M, et al. European cystic fibrosis bone mineralisation guidelines. J Cyst Fibros. 2011;10(2):S16-S23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1569-1993(11)60004-0.
Haslam RH, Borovnicar DJ, Stroud DB, Strauss BJ, Bines JE. Correlates of prepubertal bone mineral density in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child. 2001;85(2):166-171.
Hardin DS, Arumugam R, Seilheimer DK, LeBlanc A, Ellis KJ. Normal bone mineral density in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child. 2001;84(4):363-368.
St-Onge M-P, Wang J, Shen W, et al. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-measured lean soft tissue mass: differing relation to body cell mass across the adult life span. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59(8):796-800.
Johnson Stoklossa CA, Forhan M, Padwal RS, Gonzalez MC, Prado CM. Practical considerations for body composition assessment of adults with class ii/iii obesity using bioelectrical impedance analysis or dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Curr Obes Rep. 2016;5(4):389-396.
Khalil SF, Mohktar MS, Ibrahim F. The theory and fundamentals of bioimpedance analysis in clinical status monitoring and diagnosis of diseases. Sensors (Basel). 2014;14(6):10895-10928.
Richards ML, Bell SC, Edmiston KA, Davies PSW. Assessment of bioelectrical impedance analysis for the prediction of total body water in cystic fibrosis. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2003;12(2):161-165.
Quinton PM, Bijman J. Higher bioelectric potentials due to decreased chloride absorption in the sweat glands of patients with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 1983;308(20):1185-1189.
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the european working group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing. 2010;39(4):412-423.
Mourtzakis M, Prado CMM, Lieffers JR, Reiman T, McCargar LJ, Baracos VE. A practical and precise approach to quantification of body composition in cancer patients using computed tomography images acquired during routine care. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2008;33(5):997-1006.
Andreoli A, Garaci F, Cafarelli FP, Guglielmi G. Body composition in clinical practice. Eur J Radiol. 2016;85(8):1461-1468.
Erlandson MC, Lorbergs AL, Mathur S, Cheung AM. Muscle analysis using pQCT, DXA and MRI. Eur J Radiol. 2016;85(8):1505-1511.
Wagner DR. Ultrasound as a tool to assess body fat. J Obes. 2013;2:280713.
Müller MJ, Braun W, Pourhassan M, Geisler C, Bosy-Westphal A. Application of standards and models in body composition analysis. Proc Nutr Soc. 2015;75(2):181-187.
Ionescu AA, Nixon LS, Luzio S, et al. Pulmonary function, body composition, and protein catabolism in adults with cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165(4):495-500.
Chirita-Emandi A. Longitudinal changes of bone mineral content in children with cystic fibrosis. Horm Res Paediatr. 2014;82:S1.
Cordioli S, Perlini S, Volpi S, D'Orazio C, Amenta G, Assael BM. Dietary intake and DXA total body measurements in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2010;9:S88.
Gornicka G, Kowalska M, Chojna E, et al. Bone mass in children with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2010;9:S84.
Mead L, Watson H, Haworth CS, Floto RA. 205 Hand grip strength and DXA in adults with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2015;14:S110.
Mielus M, Sands D, Oralewska B, Ołtarzewski M. Comparison of cystic fibrosis adolescents with normal and low bone mineral density. J Cyst Fibros. 2012;12:S33.
Rousseau-Nepton I, St-Laurent LC, Fillion M, Milot M. Cross sectional study of bone health in children with cystic fibrosis in Quebec, Canada. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27:S1.
Simovik V. Bone health in children with cystic fibrosis. Respirology. 2011;16:S2.
Boguszewski MCS, Kamoi TO, Bento Radominski R, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-1, leptin, body composition, and clinical status interactions in children with cystic fibrosis. Horm Res. 2007;67(5):250-256.
Buntain HM, Greer RM, Schluter PJ, et al. Bone mineral density in Australian children, adolescents and adults with cystic fibrosis: a controlled cross sectional study. Thorax. 2004;59(2):149-155.
Conway SP, Oldroyd B, Brownlee KG, Wolfe SP, Truscott JG. A cross-sectional study of bone mineral density in children and adolescents attending a Cystic Fibrosis Centre. J Cyst Fibros. 2008;7(6):469-476.
Donovan DS, Jr., Papadopoulos A, Staron RB, et al. Bone mass and vitamin D deficiency in adults with advanced cystic fibrosis lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157(1):1892-1899.
Duveau E, Beringue FI, Pellier I, Audran M, Ginies JL. Étude de la minéralisation osseuse de patients mucoviscidosiques par absorptiométrie biphotonique à rayons X. Archives de Pédiatrie. 1999;6(7):720-724.
Elkin SL, Williams L, Moore M, Hodson ME, Rutherford OM. Relationship of skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength and bone mineral density in adults with cystic fibrosis. Clin Sci. 2000;99(4):309-314.
Elkin SL, Fairney A, Burnett S, et al. Vertebral deformities and low bone mineral density in adults with cystic fibrosis: a cross-sectional study. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(5):366-372.
Enright S, Chatham K, Ionescu AA, Unnithan VB, Shale DJ. The influence of body composition on respiratory muscle, lung function and diaphragm thickness in adults with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2007;6(6):384-390.
Hatziagorou E, Christoforidis A, Avramidou V. Bone mineral density and quantitative ultrasound in adults with cystic fibrosis. EurJEndocrinol. 2002;146:531-536.
Kendler DL, Wong L, Frangolias DD, Pare PD, Raboud J, Wilcox PG. Role of exercise and nutrition status on bone mineral density in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2003;2:163-170.
María R, Sánchez P, Almonacid C, et al. Estudio de la densidad mineral ósea en pacientes adultos con fibrosis quística. Medicina Clinica. 2004;123(3):81-84.
Grey AB, Ames RW, Matthews RD, Reid IR. Bone mineral density and body composition in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax. 1993;48(6):589-593.
Ionescu AA, Nixon LS, Evans WD, et al. Bone density, body composition, and inflammatory status in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(3 Pt 1):789-794.
Ionescu AA, Nixon LS, Luzio S, et al. Pulmonary function, body composition, and protein catabolism in adults with cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165(4):495-500.
Kelly A, Schall JI, Stallings VA, Zemel BS. Deficits in bone mineral content in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis are related to height deficits. J Clin Densitom. 2008;11(4):581-589.
Lucidi V, Bizzarri C, Alghisi F, et al. Bone and body composition analyzed by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) in clinical and nutritional evaluation of young patients with cystic fibrosis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2009;9:61.
Moriconi N, Kraenzlin M, Müller B, et al. Body composition and adiponectin serum concentrations in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(4):1586-1590.
Pedreira CC, Robert RGD, Dalton V, et al. Association of body composition and lung function in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005;39(3):276-280.
Putman MS, Baker JF, Uluer A, et al. Trends in bone mineral density in young adults with cystic fibrosis over a 15year period. J Cyst Fibros. 2015;14(4):526-532.
Reix P, Bellon G, Braillon P. Bone mineral and body composition alterations in paediatric cystic fibrosis patients. Pediatr Radiol. 2010;40(3):301-308.
Rochat T, Slosman DO, Pichard C, Belli DC. Body composition analysis by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in adults with cystic fibrosis. Chest. 1994;106(3):800-805.
Rossini M, Viapiana O, Del Marco A, de Terlizzi F, Gatti D, Adami S. Quantitative ultrasound in adults with cystic fibrosis: correlation with bone mineral density and risk of vertebral fractures. Calcif Tissue Int. 2007;80(1):44-49.
De Schepper J, Roggen I, Van Biervliet S, et al. Comparative bone status assessment by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography and quantitative ultrasound in adolescents and young adults with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2012;11(2):119-124.
Sheikh S, Zemel BS, Stallings VA, Rubenstein RC, Kelly A. Body composition and pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis. Front Pediatr. 2014;2:1-7.
Stalvey MS, Anbar RD, Konstan MW, et al. A multi-center controlled trial of growth hormone treatment in children with cystic fibrosis1470. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012;47(3):252-263.
Street ME, Spaggiari C, Ziveri MA, et al. Analysis of bone mineral density and turnover in patients with cystic fibrosis: associations between the IGF system and inflammatory cytokines. Horm Res. 2006;66(4):162-168.