Pembrolizumab plus Axitinib versus Sunitinib for Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma.

Administration, Intravenous Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / administration & dosage Antineoplastic Agents / therapeutic use Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / adverse effects Axitinib / administration & dosage Carcinoma, Renal Cell / drug therapy Female Humans Intention to Treat Analysis Kidney Neoplasms / drug therapy Male Middle Aged Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / antagonists & inhibitors Progression-Free Survival Single-Blind Method Sunitinib / adverse effects Survival Rate

Journal

The New England journal of medicine
ISSN: 1533-4406
Titre abrégé: N Engl J Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0255562

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
21 03 2019
Historique:
pubmed: 20 2 2019
medline: 28 3 2019
entrez: 20 2 2019
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

The combination of pembrolizumab and axitinib showed antitumor activity in a phase 1b trial involving patients with previously untreated advanced renal-cell carcinoma. Whether pembrolizumab plus axitinib would result in better outcomes than sunitinib in such patients was unclear. In an open-label, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned 861 patients with previously untreated advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma to receive pembrolizumab (200 mg) intravenously once every 3 weeks plus axitinib (5 mg) orally twice daily (432 patients) or sunitinib (50 mg) orally once daily for the first 4 weeks of each 6-week cycle (429 patients). The primary end points were overall survival and progression-free survival in the intention-to-treat population. The key secondary end point was the objective response rate. All reported results are from the protocol-specified first interim analysis. After a median follow-up of 12.8 months, the estimated percentage of patients who were alive at 12 months was 89.9% in the pembrolizumab-axitinib group and 78.3% in the sunitinib group (hazard ratio for death, 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38 to 0.74; P<0.0001). Median progression-free survival was 15.1 months in the pembrolizumab-axitinib group and 11.1 months in the sunitinib group (hazard ratio for disease progression or death, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.84; P<0.001). The objective response rate was 59.3% (95% CI, 54.5 to 63.9) in the pembrolizumab-axitinib group and 35.7% (95% CI, 31.1 to 40.4) in the sunitinib group (P<0.001). The benefit of pembrolizumab plus axitinib was observed across the International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium risk groups (i.e., favorable, intermediate, and poor risk) and regardless of programmed death ligand 1 expression. Grade 3 or higher adverse events of any cause occurred in 75.8% of patients in the pembrolizumab-axitinib group and in 70.6% in the sunitinib group. Among patients with previously untreated advanced renal-cell carcinoma, treatment with pembrolizumab plus axitinib resulted in significantly longer overall survival and progression-free survival, as well as a higher objective response rate, than treatment with sunitinib. (Funded by Merck Sharp & Dohme; KEYNOTE-426 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02853331.).

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND
The combination of pembrolizumab and axitinib showed antitumor activity in a phase 1b trial involving patients with previously untreated advanced renal-cell carcinoma. Whether pembrolizumab plus axitinib would result in better outcomes than sunitinib in such patients was unclear.
METHODS
In an open-label, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned 861 patients with previously untreated advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma to receive pembrolizumab (200 mg) intravenously once every 3 weeks plus axitinib (5 mg) orally twice daily (432 patients) or sunitinib (50 mg) orally once daily for the first 4 weeks of each 6-week cycle (429 patients). The primary end points were overall survival and progression-free survival in the intention-to-treat population. The key secondary end point was the objective response rate. All reported results are from the protocol-specified first interim analysis.
RESULTS
After a median follow-up of 12.8 months, the estimated percentage of patients who were alive at 12 months was 89.9% in the pembrolizumab-axitinib group and 78.3% in the sunitinib group (hazard ratio for death, 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38 to 0.74; P<0.0001). Median progression-free survival was 15.1 months in the pembrolizumab-axitinib group and 11.1 months in the sunitinib group (hazard ratio for disease progression or death, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.84; P<0.001). The objective response rate was 59.3% (95% CI, 54.5 to 63.9) in the pembrolizumab-axitinib group and 35.7% (95% CI, 31.1 to 40.4) in the sunitinib group (P<0.001). The benefit of pembrolizumab plus axitinib was observed across the International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium risk groups (i.e., favorable, intermediate, and poor risk) and regardless of programmed death ligand 1 expression. Grade 3 or higher adverse events of any cause occurred in 75.8% of patients in the pembrolizumab-axitinib group and in 70.6% in the sunitinib group.
CONCLUSIONS
Among patients with previously untreated advanced renal-cell carcinoma, treatment with pembrolizumab plus axitinib resulted in significantly longer overall survival and progression-free survival, as well as a higher objective response rate, than treatment with sunitinib. (Funded by Merck Sharp & Dohme; KEYNOTE-426 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02853331.).

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1816714 PMID: 30779529
pubmed: 30779529
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1816714
doi:

Substances chimiques

Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized 0
Antineoplastic Agents 0
PDCD1 protein, human 0
Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor 0
Axitinib C9LVQ0YUXG
pembrolizumab DPT0O3T46P
Sunitinib V99T50803M

Banques de données

ClinicalTrials.gov
['NCT02853331']

Types de publication

Clinical Trial, Phase III Comparative Study Journal Article Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

1116-1127

Investigateurs

Diogo Bastos (D)
Sergio Jobim de Azevedo (SJ)
Gisele Marinho (G)
Andre Marcio Murad (AM)
Fabio Schutz (F)
Luis Eduardo Zucca (LE)
Ricardo Zylberberg (R)
Sebastien Hotte (S)
Frederic Pouliot (F)
Denis Soulières (D)
Lori Wood (L)
Jindrich Finek (J)
Petra Holeckova (P)
Jana Katolicka (J)
Eva Kindlova (E)
Bohuslav Melichar (B)
Jana Prausova (J)
Sophie Abadie-Lacourtoisie (S)
Mostefa Bennamoun (M)
Christine Chevreau (C)
Jean Deville (J)
Claude El Kouri (C)
Delphine Borchiellini (D)
Jean-Marc Ferrero (JM)
Lionnel Geoffrois (L)
Marine Gross-Goupil (M)
Valerie Le Brun Ly (V)
Marc Laplante (M)
Claude Linassier (C)
Stephane Oudard (S)
Sophie Tartas (S)
Delphine Topart (D)
Jean-Marc Tourani (JM)
Jens Bedke (J)
Martin Boegemann (M)
Anja Lorch (A)
Axel Merseburger (A)
Peter Reichardt (P)
Margitta Retz (M)
Manfred Wirth (M)
Christian Wuelfing (C)
Peter Arkosy (P)
Zsolt Horvath (Z)
Gyorgy Bodoky (G)
Andras Csejtei (A)
Tibor Csoszi (T)
Lajos Geczi (L)
Janos Revesz (J)
Agnes Ruzsa (A)
John McCaffrey (J)
Raymond S McDermott (RS)
Satoshi Anai (S)
Masatoshi Eto (M)
Takaaki Inoue (T)
Haruaki Kato (H)
Go Kimura (G)
Hiroaki Kobayashi (H)
Takahiro Kojima (T)
Naoya Masumori (N)
Akio Matsubara (A)
Nobuaki Matsubara (N)
Hiroaki Matsumoto (H)
Ryuichi Mizuno (R)
Noboru Nakaigawa (N)
Kazuo Nishimura (K)
Takahiro Osawa (T)
Naoto Miyajima (N)
Masafumi Oyama (M)
Yoshiki Sugimura (Y)
Masayuki Takahashi (M)
Toshimi Takano (T)
Satoshi Tamada (S)
Yoshihiko Tomita (Y)
Masao Tsujihata (M)
Hiroyuki Tsunemori (H)
Hirotsugu Uemura (H)
Akito Yamaguchi (A)
Przemyslaw Langiewicz (P)
Cezary Szczylik (C)
Piotr Tomczak (P)
Pawel Wiechno (P)
Joanna Wojcik-Tomaszewska (J)
Joanna Pikiel (J)
Marek Ziobro (M)
Boris Alekseev (B)
Rustem Gafanov (R)
Petr Karlov (P)
Vsevolod Matveev (V)
Dmitry Nosov (D)
Michail Shkolnik (M)
Woo Kyun Bae (WK)
Hyo Jin Lee (HJ)
Daniel Castellano Gauna (D)
Maria Juan Fita (M)
Alejo Rodriguez-Vida (A)
Cristina Suarez (C)
Chao-Hsiang Chang (CH)
Wen-Cheng Chang (WC)
Cheng Keng Chuang (CK)
Hsiao-Jen Chung (HJ)
Yen-Hwa Chang (YH)
Igor Bondarenko (I)
Anna Kryzhanivska (A)
Valerii Sakalo (V)
Yaroslav Shparyk (Y)
Viktor Stus (V)
Ihor Vynnychenko (I)
Robert Hawkins (R)
James Larkin (J)
Thomas Powles (T)
Matthew Wheater (M)
Asim Amin (A)
Leonard Appleman (L)
Jeanny Aragon-Ching (J)
Alan Berg (A)
Steven Dunder (S)
Daniel Cho (D)
Gurjyot Doshi (G)
John Fruehauf (J)
Chunkit Fung (C)
Saby George (S)
Robert Graham (R)
Hans Hammers (H)
James Brugarolas (J)
Audrey Kam (A)
Nicklas Pfanzelter (N)
Stephan DiSean Kendall (SD)
Maurice Markus (M)
Allen Cohn (A)
Marc Matrana (M)
Suresh Nair (S)
Raul Oyola (R)
Elizabeth Plimack (E)
Brian Rini (B)
Christopher Ryan (C)
Ian Schnadig (I)
Bradley Somer (B)
Jeffrey Sosman (J)
Benedito Carneiro (B)
Christoper Sumey (C)
Srinath Sundararajan (S)
Parminder Singh (P)
Ronald Bukowski (R)
Janice P Dutcher (JP)
KyungMann Kim (K)
Timothy M Kuzel (TM)

Commentaires et corrections

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Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2019 Massachusetts Medical Society.

Auteurs

Brian I Rini (BI)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Elizabeth R Plimack (ER)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Viktor Stus (V)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Rustem Gafanov (R)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Robert Hawkins (R)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Dmitry Nosov (D)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Frédéric Pouliot (F)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Boris Alekseev (B)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Denis Soulières (D)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Bohuslav Melichar (B)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Ihor Vynnychenko (I)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Anna Kryzhanivska (A)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Igor Bondarenko (I)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Sergio J Azevedo (SJ)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Delphine Borchiellini (D)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Cezary Szczylik (C)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Maurice Markus (M)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Raymond S McDermott (RS)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Jens Bedke (J)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Sophie Tartas (S)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Yen-Hwa Chang (YH)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Satoshi Tamada (S)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Qiong Shou (Q)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Rodolfo F Perini (RF)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Mei Chen (M)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Michael B Atkins (MB)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

Thomas Powles (T)

From the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland (B.I.R.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (E.R.P.); Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine (V.S.) and Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy (I.B.), Dnipro, Sumy State University, Sumy Regional Oncology Center, Sumy (I.V.), and Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk (A.K.) - all in Ukraine; the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology (R.G.), Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Clinic (D.N.), and Hertzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute (B.A.), Moscow; the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester (R.H.), and Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London (T.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, QC (F.P.), and CHU de Montréal, Montreal (D.S.) - both in Canada; Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic (B.M.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (S.J.A.); Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice (D.B.), and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Lyon, Lyon (S. Tartas) - both in France; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (C.S.); Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, Colorado Springs, CO (M.M.); Adelaide and Meath Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin (R.S.M.); the Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.); Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan (S. Tamada); MSD China, Beijing (Q.S.); Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (R.F.P., M.C.); and Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC (M.B.A.).

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