A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics for Miscarriage Surgery.

Abortion, Spontaneous / surgery Administration, Oral Adolescent Adult Africa South of the Sahara Antibiotic Prophylaxis Developing Countries Double-Blind Method Doxycycline / adverse effects Female Humans Metronidazole / adverse effects Pakistan Pelvic Infection / epidemiology Postoperative Complications / epidemiology Pregnancy Preoperative Care Treatment Outcome

Journal

The New England journal of medicine
ISSN: 1533-4406
Titre abrégé: N Engl J Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0255562

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
14 03 2019
Historique:
entrez: 14 3 2019
pubmed: 14 3 2019
medline: 26 3 2019
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Surgical intervention is needed in some cases of spontaneous abortion to remove retained products of conception. Antibiotic prophylaxis may reduce the risk of pelvic infection, which is an important complication of this surgery, particularly in low-resource countries. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial investigating whether antibiotic prophylaxis before surgery to complete a spontaneous abortion would reduce pelvic infection among women and adolescents in low-resource countries. We randomly assigned patients to a single preoperative dose of 400 mg of oral doxycycline and 400 mg of oral metronidazole or identical placebos. The primary outcome was pelvic infection within 14 days after surgery. Pelvic infection was defined by the presence of two or more of four clinical features (purulent vaginal discharge, pyrexia, uterine tenderness, and leukocytosis) or by the presence of one of these features and the clinically identified need to administer antibiotics. The definition of pelvic infection was changed before the unblinding of the data; the original strict definition was two or more of the clinical features, without reference to the administration of antibiotics. We enrolled 3412 patients in Malawi, Pakistan, Tanzania, and Uganda. A total of 1705 patients were assigned to receive antibiotics and 1707 to receive placebo. The risk of pelvic infection was 4.1% (68 of 1676 pregnancies) in the antibiotics group and 5.3% (90 of 1684 pregnancies) in the placebo group (risk ratio, 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56 to 1.04; P = 0.09). Pelvic infection according to original strict criteria was diagnosed in 1.5% (26 of 1700 pregnancies) and 2.6% (44 of 1704 pregnancies), respectively (risk ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.96). There were no significant between-group differences in adverse events. Antibiotic prophylaxis before miscarriage surgery did not result in a significantly lower risk of pelvic infection, as defined by pragmatic broad criteria, than placebo. (Funded by the Medical Research Council and others; AIMS Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN97143849.).

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND
Surgical intervention is needed in some cases of spontaneous abortion to remove retained products of conception. Antibiotic prophylaxis may reduce the risk of pelvic infection, which is an important complication of this surgery, particularly in low-resource countries.
METHODS
We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial investigating whether antibiotic prophylaxis before surgery to complete a spontaneous abortion would reduce pelvic infection among women and adolescents in low-resource countries. We randomly assigned patients to a single preoperative dose of 400 mg of oral doxycycline and 400 mg of oral metronidazole or identical placebos. The primary outcome was pelvic infection within 14 days after surgery. Pelvic infection was defined by the presence of two or more of four clinical features (purulent vaginal discharge, pyrexia, uterine tenderness, and leukocytosis) or by the presence of one of these features and the clinically identified need to administer antibiotics. The definition of pelvic infection was changed before the unblinding of the data; the original strict definition was two or more of the clinical features, without reference to the administration of antibiotics.
RESULTS
We enrolled 3412 patients in Malawi, Pakistan, Tanzania, and Uganda. A total of 1705 patients were assigned to receive antibiotics and 1707 to receive placebo. The risk of pelvic infection was 4.1% (68 of 1676 pregnancies) in the antibiotics group and 5.3% (90 of 1684 pregnancies) in the placebo group (risk ratio, 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56 to 1.04; P = 0.09). Pelvic infection according to original strict criteria was diagnosed in 1.5% (26 of 1700 pregnancies) and 2.6% (44 of 1704 pregnancies), respectively (risk ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.96). There were no significant between-group differences in adverse events.
CONCLUSIONS
Antibiotic prophylaxis before miscarriage surgery did not result in a significantly lower risk of pelvic infection, as defined by pragmatic broad criteria, than placebo. (Funded by the Medical Research Council and others; AIMS Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN97143849.).

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1808817 PMID: 30865795
pubmed: 30865795
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1808817
doi:

Substances chimiques

Metronidazole 140QMO216E
Doxycycline N12000U13O

Banques de données

ISRCTN
['ISRCTN97143849']

Types de publication

Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

1012-1021

Subventions

Organisme : World Health Organization
ID : 001
Pays : International
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MR/K007408/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : undefined
ID : MR/K007408/1
Pays : International

Commentaires et corrections

Type : CommentIn
Type : CommentIn

Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2019 Massachusetts Medical Society.

Auteurs

David Lissauer (D)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).
ORCID: 0000-0002-7878-2327

Amie Wilson (A)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Catherine A Hewitt (CA)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Lee Middleton (L)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Jonathan R B Bishop (JRB)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Jane Daniels (J)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Abi Merriel (A)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Andrew Weeks (A)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Chisale Mhango (C)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Ronald Mataya (R)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Frank Taulo (F)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Theresa Ngalawesa (T)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Agatha Chirwa (A)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Colleta Mphasa (C)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Tayamika Tambala (T)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Grace Chiudzu (G)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Caroline Mwalwanda (C)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Agnes Mboma (A)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Rahat Qureshi (R)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Iffat Ahmed (I)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Humera Ismail (H)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Olufemi T Oladapo (OT)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Godfrey Mbaruku (G)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Jerome Chibwana (J)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Grace Watts (G)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Beatus Simon (B)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

James Ditai (J)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Charles Otim Tom (C)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

JaneFrances Acam (J)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

John Ekunait (J)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Hellen Unzia (H)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Margaret Iyaku (M)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Joshua J Makiika (JJ)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Javier Zamora (J)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Tracy Roberts (T)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Ilias Goranitis (I)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Sarah Bar-Zeev (S)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Nicola Desmond (N)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Sabaratnam Arulkumaran (S)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Zulfiqar A Bhutta (ZA)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Ahmet M Gulmezoglu (AM)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).
ORCID: 0000-0003-4674-0998

Arri Coomarasamy (A)

From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

Articles similaires

[Redispensing of expensive oral anticancer medicines: a practical application].

Lisanne N van Merendonk, Kübra Akgöl, Bastiaan Nuijen
1.00
Humans Antineoplastic Agents Administration, Oral Drug Costs Counterfeit Drugs

Smoking Cessation and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Jun Hwan Cho, Seung Yong Shin, Hoseob Kim et al.
1.00
Humans Male Smoking Cessation Cardiovascular Diseases Female

Evaluation of Low-Value Services Across Major Medicare Advantage Insurers and Traditional Medicare.

Ciara Duggan, Adam L Beckman, Ishani Ganguli et al.
1.00
Humans United States Aged Cross-Sectional Studies Medicare Part C

Effectiveness of Virtual Yoga for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Hallie Tankha, Devyn Gaskins, Amanda Shallcross et al.
1.00
Humans Yoga Low Back Pain Female Male

Classifications MeSH

questionsmedicales.fr › Phénomènes physiologiques des appareils urinaire et reproducteur › Phénomènes physiologiques de la reproduction › Reproduction › Grossesse › Issue de la grossesse › Avortement spontané › A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics...
questionsmedicales.fr › Thérapeutique › Traitement médicamenteux › Voies d'administration de substances chimiques et des médicaments › Administration par voie orale › A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adolescent › A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adulte › A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics...
questionsmedicales.fr › Régions géographiques › Afrique › Afrique subsaharienne › A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics...
questionsmedicales.fr › Thérapeutique › Traitement médicamenteux › Prémédication › Antibioprophylaxie › A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics...
questionsmedicales.fr › Sciences sociales › Internationalité › Coopération internationale › Pays en voie de développement › A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics...
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Méthodes épidémiologiques › Méthodologie en recherche épidémiologique › Méthode en double aveugle › A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics...
questionsmedicales.fr › Composés polycycliques › Hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques › Naphtacènes › Tétracyclines › Doxycycline › A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics...
questionsmedicales.fr › Eucaryotes › Animaux › Chordés › Vertébrés › Mammifères › Eutheria › Primates › Haplorhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Humains › A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics...
questionsmedicales.fr › Composés hétérocycliques › Composés hétéromonocycliques › Azoles › Imidazoles › Nitroimidazoles › Métronidazole › A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics...
questionsmedicales.fr › Régions géographiques › Asie › Asie de l'Ouest › Asie du Sud › Pakistan › A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics...
questionsmedicales.fr › Infection › Infection pelvienne › A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics...
questionsmedicales.fr › États, signes et symptômes pathologiques › Processus pathologiques › Complications postopératoires › A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics...
questionsmedicales.fr › Phénomènes physiologiques des appareils urinaire et reproducteur › Phénomènes physiologiques de la reproduction › Reproduction › Grossesse › A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics...
questionsmedicales.fr › Établissements, main d'oeuvre et services de soins de santé › Services de santé › Soins aux patients › Soins périopératoires › Soins préopératoires › A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics...
questionsmedicales.fr › Qualité, accès, évaluation des soins de santé › Qualité des soins de santé › Mécanismes d'évaluation des soins de santé › Évaluation des résultats et des processus en soins de santé › Évaluation de résultat (soins) › Résultat thérapeutique › A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics...