Playground lead levels in rubber, soil, sand, and mulch surfaces in Boston.
Journal
PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
Titre abrégé: PLoS One
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101285081
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2019
2019
Historique:
received:
22
11
2018
accepted:
15
04
2019
entrez:
26
4
2019
pubmed:
26
4
2019
medline:
9
1
2020
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Rubber surfacing is often used in playgrounds due to its potential injury prevention benefits and as a way to recycle waste tires. Available research on chemicals in recycled rubber has focused on synthetic turf applications, but is limited for playground rubber surfacing. Potential lead contamination from vulcanizing agents used in rubber surfacing are a possible concern; however this has not been researched. We examined levels of lead in poured-in-place rubber and compared them to levels in soil, sand, and wood mulch materials from 28 randomly selected playgrounds in Boston, MA, USA using X-ray fluorescence. To evaluate the association between material type and lead concentrations, we conducted a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures and built a linear regression model controlling for distance to major roadway, neighborhood-level status as an environmental justice area, peeling paint on the playground, and rubber condition. Average lead levels were 65.7 μg/g for soil, 22.0 μg/g for rubber, 8.5 μg/g for sand, and 9.0 μg/g for mulch. Our finding of lower concentrations of lead in sand and mulch compared to rubber and soil should be used to inform playground design to optimize children's health, alongside other chemical and safety considerations.
Identifiants
pubmed: 31022281
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216156
pii: PONE-D-18-33527
pmc: PMC6483242
doi:
Substances chimiques
Soil
0
Lead
2P299V784P
Rubber
9006-04-6
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
e0216156Subventions
Organisme : NIEHS NIH HHS
ID : P30 ES000002
Pays : United States
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Références
Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Oct;118(10):1345-9
pubmed: 20884393
Environ Pollut. 2012 Apr;163:32-9
pubmed: 22325428
Environ Health Toxicol. 2012;27:e2012005
pubmed: 22355803
Environ Geochem Health. 1994 Dec;16(3-4):123-8
pubmed: 24197206
Environ Health Perspect. 2008 Mar;116(3):A116-22
pubmed: 18335084
Sports Med. 2017 Dec;47(12):2437-2441
pubmed: 28493060
J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2011;74(17):1150-74
pubmed: 21797769
Sci Total Environ. 1985 Jul;44(1):65-79
pubmed: 4023696
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2008 Nov;18(6):600-7
pubmed: 18728695
Environ Health Perspect. 1998 Feb;106 Suppl 1:217-29
pubmed: 9539015
Arch Dis Child. 2004 Feb;89(2):103-8
pubmed: 14736615
Risk Anal. 2014 Jan;34(1):44-55
pubmed: 23758133
Chemosphere. 2013 Jan;90(2):423-31
pubmed: 22921644
Lancet. 1997 Jun 28;349(9069):1874-6
pubmed: 9217759
Can Fam Physician. 2010 Jun;56(6):531-5
pubmed: 20547517
Pediatrics. 1979 Dec;64(6):962-3
pubmed: 514729
Environ Res. 2006 Sep;102(1):113-24
pubmed: 16500641
J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2005 May;15(3):282-8
pubmed: 15316573