A Randomized Trial of Progesterone in Women with Bleeding in Early Pregnancy.

Abortion, Spontaneous / prevention & control Administration, Intravaginal Adult Double-Blind Method Female Humans Live Birth Pregnancy Pregnancy Complications / diagnostic imaging Pregnancy Trimester, First Progesterone / administration & dosage Progestins / administration & dosage Treatment Failure Uterine Hemorrhage / drug therapy

Journal

The New England journal of medicine
ISSN: 1533-4406
Titre abrégé: N Engl J Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0255562

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
09 05 2019
Historique:
entrez: 9 5 2019
pubmed: 9 5 2019
medline: 22 5 2019
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Bleeding in early pregnancy is strongly associated with pregnancy loss. Progesterone is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. Several small trials have suggested that progesterone therapy may improve pregnancy outcomes in women who have bleeding in early pregnancy. We conducted a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate progesterone, as compared with placebo, in women with vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy. Women were randomly assigned to receive vaginal suppositories containing either 400 mg of progesterone or matching placebo twice daily, from the time at which they presented with bleeding through 16 weeks of gestation. The primary outcome was the birth of a live-born baby after at least 34 weeks of gestation. The primary analysis was performed in all participants for whom data on the primary outcome were available. A sensitivity analysis of the primary outcome that included all the participants was performed with the use of multiple imputation to account for missing data. A total of 4153 women, recruited at 48 hospitals in the United Kingdom, were randomly assigned to receive progesterone (2079 women) or placebo (2074 women). The percentage of women with available data for the primary outcome was 97% (4038 of 4153 women). The incidence of live births after at least 34 weeks of gestation was 75% (1513 of 2025 women) in the progesterone group and 72% (1459 of 2013 women) in the placebo group (relative rate, 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00 to 1.07; P = 0.08). The sensitivity analysis, in which missing primary outcome data were imputed, resulted in a similar finding (relative rate, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.07; P = 0.08). The incidence of adverse events did not differ significantly between the groups. Among women with bleeding in early pregnancy, progesterone therapy administered during the first trimester did not result in a significantly higher incidence of live births than placebo. (Funded by the United Kingdom National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment program; PRISM Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN14163439.).

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND
Bleeding in early pregnancy is strongly associated with pregnancy loss. Progesterone is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. Several small trials have suggested that progesterone therapy may improve pregnancy outcomes in women who have bleeding in early pregnancy.
METHODS
We conducted a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate progesterone, as compared with placebo, in women with vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy. Women were randomly assigned to receive vaginal suppositories containing either 400 mg of progesterone or matching placebo twice daily, from the time at which they presented with bleeding through 16 weeks of gestation. The primary outcome was the birth of a live-born baby after at least 34 weeks of gestation. The primary analysis was performed in all participants for whom data on the primary outcome were available. A sensitivity analysis of the primary outcome that included all the participants was performed with the use of multiple imputation to account for missing data.
RESULTS
A total of 4153 women, recruited at 48 hospitals in the United Kingdom, were randomly assigned to receive progesterone (2079 women) or placebo (2074 women). The percentage of women with available data for the primary outcome was 97% (4038 of 4153 women). The incidence of live births after at least 34 weeks of gestation was 75% (1513 of 2025 women) in the progesterone group and 72% (1459 of 2013 women) in the placebo group (relative rate, 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00 to 1.07; P = 0.08). The sensitivity analysis, in which missing primary outcome data were imputed, resulted in a similar finding (relative rate, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.07; P = 0.08). The incidence of adverse events did not differ significantly between the groups.
CONCLUSIONS
Among women with bleeding in early pregnancy, progesterone therapy administered during the first trimester did not result in a significantly higher incidence of live births than placebo. (Funded by the United Kingdom National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment program; PRISM Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN14163439.).

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1813730 PMID: 31067371
pubmed: 31067371
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1813730
doi:

Substances chimiques

Progestins 0
Progesterone 4G7DS2Q64Y

Banques de données

ISRCTN
['ISRCTN14163439']

Types de publication

Comparative Study Journal Article Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

1815-1824

Subventions

Organisme : Department of Health
ID : 12/167/26
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : G0700452
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Health Technology Assessment Programme
ID : 12/167/26
Pays : International

Commentaires et corrections

Type : CommentIn
Type : CommentIn

Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2019 Massachusetts Medical Society.

Auteurs

Arri Coomarasamy (A)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Adam J Devall (AJ)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Versha Cheed (V)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).
ORCID: 0000-0002-6713-0913

Hoda Harb (H)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Lee J Middleton (LJ)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Ioannis D Gallos (ID)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Helen Williams (H)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Abey K Eapen (AK)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Tracy Roberts (T)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Chriscasimir C Ogwulu (CC)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Ilias Goranitis (I)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Jane P Daniels (JP)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Amna Ahmed (A)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Ruth Bender-Atik (R)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Kalsang Bhatia (K)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Cecilia Bottomley (C)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Jane Brewin (J)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Meenakshi Choudhary (M)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Fiona Crosfill (F)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Shilpa Deb (S)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

W Colin Duncan (WC)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Andrew Ewer (A)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Kim Hinshaw (K)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Tom Holland (T)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Feras Izzat (F)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Jemma Johns (J)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Kathiuska Kriedt (K)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Mary-Ann Lumsden (MA)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Padma Manda (P)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Jane E Norman (JE)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Natalie Nunes (N)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Caroline E Overton (CE)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Siobhan Quenby (S)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Sandhya Rao (S)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Jackie Ross (J)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Anupama Shahid (A)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Martyn Underwood (M)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Nirmala Vaithilingam (N)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Linda Watkins (L)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Catherine Wykes (C)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Andrew Horne (A)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).
ORCID: 0000-0002-9656-493X

Davor Jurkovic (D)

From Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C., A.J.D., V.C., H.H., L.J.M., I.D.G., H.W., A.K.E., T.R., C.C.O.), the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham (J.P.D.), and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (S.D.), Nottingham, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland (A.A., K.H.), the Miscarriage Association, Wakefield (R.B.A.), East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley (K.B.), Tommy's Charity (J.B.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (T.H.), King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (J.J., J.R.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.K., D.J.), West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust (N.N., C.B.), and Barts and the London NHS Trust (A.S.), London, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle (M.C.), Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston (F.C.), the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (W.C.D., J.E.N., A.W.H.), Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust (L.W.) and St. Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust (S.R.), Liverpool, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry (F.I.), the Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (M.-A.L.), South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough (P.M.), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.E.O.), the Biomedical Research Unit in Reproductive Health, University of Warwick, Warwick (S.Q.), Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Telford (M.U.), Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth (N.V.), and Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill (C.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (I.G.); and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City (A.E.).

Articles similaires

[Redispensing of expensive oral anticancer medicines: a practical application].

Lisanne N van Merendonk, Kübra Akgöl, Bastiaan Nuijen
1.00
Humans Antineoplastic Agents Administration, Oral Drug Costs Counterfeit Drugs

Smoking Cessation and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Jun Hwan Cho, Seung Yong Shin, Hoseob Kim et al.
1.00
Humans Male Smoking Cessation Cardiovascular Diseases Female

Evaluation of Low-Value Services Across Major Medicare Advantage Insurers and Traditional Medicare.

Ciara Duggan, Adam L Beckman, Ishani Ganguli et al.
1.00
Humans United States Aged Cross-Sectional Studies Medicare Part C

Effectiveness of Virtual Yoga for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Hallie Tankha, Devyn Gaskins, Amanda Shallcross et al.
1.00
Humans Yoga Low Back Pain Female Male

Classifications MeSH

questionsmedicales.fr › Phénomènes physiologiques des appareils urinaire et reproducteur › Phénomènes physiologiques de la reproduction › Reproduction › Grossesse › Issue de la grossesse › Avortement spontané › A Randomized Trial of Progesterone in Women...
questionsmedicales.fr › Thérapeutique › Traitement médicamenteux › Voies d'administration de substances chimiques et des médicaments › Administration par voie topique › Administration par voie vaginale › A Randomized Trial of Progesterone in Women...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adulte › A Randomized Trial of Progesterone in Women...
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Méthodes épidémiologiques › Méthodologie en recherche épidémiologique › Méthode en double aveugle › A Randomized Trial of Progesterone in Women...
questionsmedicales.fr › Eucaryotes › Animaux › Chordés › Vertébrés › Mammifères › Eutheria › Primates › Haplorhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Humains › A Randomized Trial of Progesterone in Women...
questionsmedicales.fr › Phénomènes physiologiques des appareils urinaire et reproducteur › Phénomènes physiologiques de la reproduction › Reproduction › Grossesse › Issue de la grossesse › Naissance vivante › A Randomized Trial of Progesterone in Women...
questionsmedicales.fr › Phénomènes physiologiques des appareils urinaire et reproducteur › Phénomènes physiologiques de la reproduction › Reproduction › Grossesse › A Randomized Trial of Progesterone in Women...
questionsmedicales.fr › Maladies urogénitales › Maladies de l'appareil urogénital féminin et complications de la grossesse › Complications de la grossesse › A Randomized Trial of Progesterone in Women...
questionsmedicales.fr › Phénomènes physiologiques des appareils urinaire et reproducteur › Phénomènes physiologiques de la reproduction › Trimestres de grossesse › Premier trimestre de grossesse › A Randomized Trial of Progesterone in Women...
questionsmedicales.fr › Hormones gonadiques › Hormones sexuelles stéroïdiennes › Congénères de la progestérone › Progestérone › A Randomized Trial of Progesterone in Women...
questionsmedicales.fr › Actions chimiques et utilisations › Actions pharmacologiques › Effets physiologiques des médicaments › Hormones, substituts d'hormones et antagonistes d'hormones › Hormones › Progestines › A Randomized Trial of Progesterone in Women...
questionsmedicales.fr › Qualité, accès, évaluation des soins de santé › Qualité des soins de santé › Mécanismes d'évaluation des soins de santé › Évaluation des résultats et des processus en soins de santé › Évaluation de résultat (soins) › Résultat thérapeutique › Échec thérapeutique › A Randomized Trial of Progesterone in Women...
questionsmedicales.fr › États, signes et symptômes pathologiques › Processus pathologiques › Hémorragie › Hémorragie utérine › A Randomized Trial of Progesterone in Women...