Abuse potential and toxicity of the synthetic cathinones (i.e., "Bath salts").
Drug abuse
Lethality
Neurotoxicity
New psychoactive substances (NPS)
Synthetic cathinones
“Bath salts”
Journal
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
ISSN: 1873-7528
Titre abrégé: Neurosci Biobehav Rev
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 7806090
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
03 2020
03 2020
Historique:
received:
02
05
2018
revised:
14
06
2018
accepted:
24
07
2018
pubmed:
19
5
2019
medline:
12
1
2021
entrez:
19
5
2019
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The synthetic cathinones are derived from the naturally occurring drug cathinone found in the khat plant (Catha edulis) and have chemical structures and neurochemical consequences similar to other psychostimulants. This class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) also has potential for use and abuse coupled with a range of possible adverse effects including neurotoxicity and lethality. This review provides a general background of the synthetic cathinones in terms of the motivation for and patterns and demographics of their use as well as the behavioral and physiological effects that led to their spread as abused substances and consequent regulatory control. This background is followed by a review focusing on their rewarding and aversive effects as assessed in various pre-clinical animal models and the contribution of these effects to their self-administration (implicating their use and abuse potential). The review closes with an overview of the consequences of synthetic cathinone use and abuse in terms of their potential to produce neurotoxicity and lethality. These characterizations are discussed in the context of other classical psychostimulants.
Identifiants
pubmed: 31101438
pii: S0149-7634(18)30319-1
doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.015
pmc: PMC8617600
mid: NIHMS1754901
pii:
doi:
Substances chimiques
Alkaloids
0
Central Nervous System Stimulants
0
Psychotropic Drugs
0
Methamphetamine
44RAL3456C
cathinone
540EI4406J
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
150-173Subventions
Organisme : RRD VA
ID : IK6 RX002419
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Références
Br J Pharmacol. 2013 Apr;168(7):1750-7
pubmed: 23170765
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1977 Mar 23;52(1):63-6
pubmed: 403559
Neuron. 2011 Feb 24;69(4):628-49
pubmed: 21338876
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1990 Dec;37(4):633-8
pubmed: 1982692
Ann Emerg Med. 2013 Apr;61(4):480-3
pubmed: 23318022
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1981 Nov;219(2):355-62
pubmed: 7288625
Behav Neurosci. 2002 Apr;116(2):321-33
pubmed: 11996317
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1999 Mar;143(1):39-46
pubmed: 10227078
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013 Mar;38(4):563-73
pubmed: 23212455
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1987 Spring;11(1):107-30
pubmed: 3554039
Prog Neurobiol. 1998 Dec;56(6):613-72
pubmed: 9871940
Behav Pharmacol. 2015 Feb;26(1-2):180-3
pubmed: 25485643
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1998 Nov;61(3):291-6
pubmed: 9768563
J Emerg Med. 2013 Sep;45(3):361-5
pubmed: 23827164
Case Rep Psychiatry. 2016;2016:8379562
pubmed: 27247820
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Oct;311(1):1-7
pubmed: 15163680
N Engl J Med. 2013 Dec 26;369(26):2536-45
pubmed: 24369079
Behav Pharmacol. 2013 Dec;24(8):684-8
pubmed: 24126218
AIDS. 2013 Nov 28;27(18):2971-2
pubmed: 25119693
Toxicol Lett. 2012 Jan 5;208(1):12-5
pubmed: 22008731
J Clin Psychiatry. 1988 Feb;49 Suppl:7-10
pubmed: 3276672
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2016 Oct;359(1):1-10
pubmed: 27493274
Fed Regist. 2014 Mar 7;79(45):12938-43
pubmed: 24611212
Behav Pharmacol. 2013 Sep;24(5-6):437-47
pubmed: 23839026
Neuropharmacology. 2018 May 15;134(Pt A):46-56
pubmed: 28851615
Toxicology. 2017 Jul 1;386:93-102
pubmed: 28578026
Brain Res. 1998 Dec 14;814(1-2):120-6
pubmed: 9838075
Int J Drug Policy. 2017 Oct;48:91-98
pubmed: 28810159
Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2014 Aug;52(7):651-8
pubmed: 25089721
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1978 Apr;205(1):148-54
pubmed: 633079
J Neurosci. 1998 Jul 1;18(13):5086-94
pubmed: 9634574
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2011 Nov;339(2):530-6
pubmed: 21810934
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2018 Mar;391(3):247-254
pubmed: 29349706
Eur J Pharmacol. 1985 Feb 12;109(1):73-80
pubmed: 2581794
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2015 Jul;232(13):2363-75
pubmed: 25662610
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2016 Apr;357(1):134-44
pubmed: 26791601
Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2017 Mar 1;25(2):122-129
pubmed: 28173643
Fed Regist. 2011 Oct 21;76(204):65371-5
pubmed: 22016903
J Med Toxicol. 2012 Mar;8(1):69-75
pubmed: 22271565
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2015 Oct;137:16-22
pubmed: 26216834
Drug Test Anal. 2010 Aug;2(8):377-82
pubmed: 20687197
Physiol Behav. 2012 Mar 20;105(5):1161-7
pubmed: 22212241
Eur J Emerg Med. 2013 Aug;20(4):263-7
pubmed: 22850087
J Psychoactive Drugs. 2014 Nov-Dec;46(5):369-78
pubmed: 25364987
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1997 Jul;57(3):543-50
pubmed: 9218279
Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2013 Mar;34(1):26-8
pubmed: 23403480
Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1986;109:37-59
pubmed: 3535350
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2013 Jan;103(3):501-9
pubmed: 23099177
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2008 Oct 12;363(1507):3137-46
pubmed: 18640920
Genes Brain Behav. 2008 Jul;7(5):568-77
pubmed: 18363855
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2016 May;233(10):1981-90
pubmed: 26319160
Behav Neurosci. 2009 Aug;123(4):913-25
pubmed: 19634952
Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1997 Oct;25(2):192-216
pubmed: 9403138
MedGenMed. 2004 Dec 29;6(4):6
pubmed: 15775833
Brain Res. 1994 Jun 27;649(1-2):217-24
pubmed: 7953636
J Reward Defic Syndr. 2015;1(2):82-86
pubmed: 27617301
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1993 Oct;46(2):341-7
pubmed: 8265688
J Drug Alcohol Res. 2016 May;5:
pubmed: 27284493
Neurocrit Care. 2016 Jun;24(3):454-8
pubmed: 26666544
Neuroscience. 2012 Apr 19;208:79-84
pubmed: 22300981
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2017 Apr;361(1):181-189
pubmed: 28179474
Dev Psychobiol. 2014 Jul;56(5):943-54
pubmed: 24122728
Eur J Pharmacol. 2014 Nov 15;743:98-105
pubmed: 25220242
J Exp Anal Behav. 1984 Jan;41(1):35-43
pubmed: 6699540
Life Sci. 2014 Feb 27;97(1):31-6
pubmed: 23892197
Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013 Sep;23(9):1085-95
pubmed: 23051939
Neuropharmacology. 2014 Dec;87:206-13
pubmed: 24594476
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1978 Jun;8(6):757-61
pubmed: 693561
Brain Cogn. 2010 Feb;72(1):114-23
pubmed: 19762139
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994 Apr;269(1):137-44
pubmed: 8169817
Euro Surveill. 2016 May 12;21(19):
pubmed: 27195614
Curr Neuropharmacol. 2015 Jan;13(1):12-20
pubmed: 26074740
Brain Res Bull. 2016 Sep;126(Pt 1):111-126
pubmed: 27142261
Neuropharmacology. 2018 May 1;133:171-180
pubmed: 29378213
Physiol Behav. 2018 Apr 1;187:79-96
pubmed: 29030249
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006 May;186(1):48-53
pubmed: 16552556
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2014 Apr;231(8):1831-9
pubmed: 24158502
Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1998 Sep-Oct;20(5):531-5
pubmed: 9761591
Am J Emerg Med. 1997 May;15(3):221-3
pubmed: 9148972
Br J Pharmacol. 2015 Oct;172(20):4970-84
pubmed: 26228024
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012 Nov;36(10):2193-205
pubmed: 22921283
Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2006 Jun;27(2):156-60
pubmed: 16738435
Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2011 Jul;49(6):499-505
pubmed: 21824061
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1987 Jun;27(2):391-8
pubmed: 2888136
Neurosci Lett. 2017 Aug 10;655:76-81
pubmed: 28684237
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2005 Mar;80(3):471-9
pubmed: 15740790
Int J Drug Policy. 2017 Feb;40:44-49
pubmed: 27939599
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2013 Jun;227(3):493-9
pubmed: 23371489
Br J Pharmacol. 2013 Jan;168(2):458-70
pubmed: 22897747
Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2017;32:165-181
pubmed: 27431397
Anim Learn Behav. 1976 May;4(2):181-5
pubmed: 964443
Behav Pharmacol. 2013 Sep;24(5-6):363-74
pubmed: 23863641
Neuropharmacology. 2015 Dec;99:538-45
pubmed: 26302654
Addiction. 2011 Nov;106(11):1991-6
pubmed: 21592252
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2016 Feb;233(4):673-80
pubmed: 26558618
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2009 Mar;92(1):131-4
pubmed: 19032962
Adv Pharmacol. 2014;69:581-620
pubmed: 24484988
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017 Oct 1;179:408-415
pubmed: 28866386
J Med Toxicol. 2010 Sep;6(3):327-30
pubmed: 20358417
Emerg Med J. 2011 Aug;28(8):686-9
pubmed: 20798084
Neuropharmacology. 2018 May 15;134(Pt A):65-72
pubmed: 29030166
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2012 Mar;220(1):163-72
pubmed: 21894484
Neuropharmacology. 2018 May 15;134(Pt A):28-35
pubmed: 28811192
Behav Pharmacol. 2017 Aug;28(5):394-400
pubmed: 28598863
Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Oct 1;382(1):45-9
pubmed: 10556503
Learn Behav. 2013 Dec;41(4):433-42
pubmed: 23943541
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016 Apr 1;161:200-5
pubmed: 26883685
N Engl J Med. 2011 Sep 8;365(10):967-8
pubmed: 21899474
ACS Chem Neurosci. 2015 May 20;6(5):771-7
pubmed: 25688761
Addict Biol. 2017 Sep;22(5):1160-1168
pubmed: 27046454
Subst Abuse Rehabil. 2014 May 26;5:37-52
pubmed: 24966713
Neuroscience. 2012 Jun 1;211:107-25
pubmed: 21864653
Physiol Behav. 2008 Mar 18;93(4-5):897-904
pubmed: 18230402
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010 Jan;208(1):57-66
pubmed: 19937000
J Neurochem. 2012 Mar;120(6):1097-107
pubmed: 22191803
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2012 Aug;102(2):269-74
pubmed: 22579912
J Psychopharmacol. 2016 Jul;30(7):707-12
pubmed: 27147595
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2003 May;367(5):490-9
pubmed: 12684743
J Anal Toxicol. 2013 Apr;37(3):135-46
pubmed: 23361867
Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2017;32:93-117
pubmed: 27830575
Behav Pharmacol. 2005 Nov;16(7):591-5
pubmed: 16170237
Am J Addict. 2015 Sep;24(6):488-91
pubmed: 26179776
Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2016 Jun;108(2):131-41
pubmed: 27297291
J Psychoactive Drugs. 2014 Apr-Jun;46(2):147-53
pubmed: 25052791
Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014 Nov;115(5):411-6
pubmed: 24739011
Synapse. 1997 May;26(1):93-4
pubmed: 9097409
Curr Neuropharmacol. 2011 Mar;9(1):84-90
pubmed: 21886568
Int J Legal Med. 2016 Mar;130(2):381-5
pubmed: 26071183
Neuropharmacology. 2015 Apr;91:109-16
pubmed: 25496724
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2015 Jul 1;286(1):27-35
pubmed: 25817894
Brain Res Bull. 2016 Sep;126(Pt 1):61-67
pubmed: 26995278
Fed Regist. 2016 Mar 4;81(43):11429-31
pubmed: 26964151
Am J Case Rep. 2013 Jul 31;14:288-91
pubmed: 23919103
J Forensic Sci. 2004 Sep;49(5):1106-12
pubmed: 15461119
Neurotox Res. 2007 Apr;11(3-4):183-202
pubmed: 17449459
Science. 1955 Jul 22;122(3160):157-8
pubmed: 14396377
Neuropharmacology. 2018 May 15;134(Pt A):36-45
pubmed: 29183686
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005 Apr;30(4):731-41
pubmed: 15592350
PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e45473
pubmed: 23029034
Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2017;32:209-230
pubmed: 27753008
Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Sep 17;381(1):63-9
pubmed: 10528135
Nat Protoc. 2006;1(3):1194-206
pubmed: 17406402
J Neurosci. 2014 Nov 12;34(46):15150-8
pubmed: 25392483
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016 Jul 01;164:128-134
pubmed: 27181413
Brain Res. 2003 Apr 25;970(1-2):214-20
pubmed: 12706263
Int J Drug Policy. 2017 May;43:23-32
pubmed: 28161577
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1979 Jul;11(1):31-5
pubmed: 493297
J Emerg Med. 2014 May;46(5):632-42
pubmed: 24565885
Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016 Apr 20;19(4):
pubmed: 26612552
Eur J Pharmacol. 2017 Sep 5;810:63-69
pubmed: 28603042
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996 Mar;276(3):1066-72
pubmed: 8786536
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2017 Mar;234(5):857-867
pubmed: 28070621
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Apr 1;149:280-4
pubmed: 25707704
J Neurosci. 2008 May 28;28(22):5756-61
pubmed: 18509037
Br J Pharmacol. 2017 May;174(10):1161-1173
pubmed: 28262947
Eur J Pharmacol. 2013 Jan 5;698(1-3):1-5
pubmed: 23178799
PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e44652
pubmed: 22952999
Int J Drug Policy. 2017 Jun;44:105-114
pubmed: 28472731
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2014 Mar;231(5):875-88
pubmed: 24142203
Hemodial Int. 2012 Oct;16 Suppl 1:S47-9
pubmed: 23036036
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Jan 1;146:116-9
pubmed: 25468817
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1992;107(2-3):271-6
pubmed: 1615126
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2017 Apr;234(8):1237-1245
pubmed: 28210779
Br J Pharmacol. 2015 Feb;172(3):883-94
pubmed: 25255824
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011 May 20;60(19):624-7
pubmed: 21597456
Neuropharmacology. 2013 Aug;71:130-40
pubmed: 23597511
Int J Drug Policy. 2017 Feb;40:84-92
pubmed: 27956184
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2016 Mar;356(3):615-23
pubmed: 26769917
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2015 Oct;137:30-7
pubmed: 26255152
Physiol Behav. 2011 Apr 18;103(1):69-78
pubmed: 21118698
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002 Apr;160(4):414-24
pubmed: 11919669
Behav Pharmacol. 2015 Jun;26(4):345-52
pubmed: 25794333
Am J Emerg Med. 2013 Feb;31(2):445.e3-5
pubmed: 22867829
Neuropharmacology. 2018 May 15;134(Pt A):57-64
pubmed: 28882561
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Dec;283(3):1350-5
pubmed: 9400010
Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Oct 31;572(2-3):120-8
pubmed: 17673199
ACS Chem Neurosci. 2018 Jun 20;9(6):1327-1337
pubmed: 29597343
Addict Biol. 2013 Sep;18(5):786-99
pubmed: 23363010
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1998 Apr;59(4):813-8
pubmed: 9586836
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2017 Feb;153:160-167
pubmed: 28063946
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2017 Jan;360(1):33-47
pubmed: 27799294
Br J Pharmacol. 2012 Sep;167(2):407-20
pubmed: 22509960
Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2017;32:133-143
pubmed: 27431398
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1980 Oct;13(4):597-9
pubmed: 7433491
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2006 Jun;84(2):344-52
pubmed: 16815539
J Neurochem. 2013 Apr;125(1):102-10
pubmed: 23205838
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1998 Jul;138(2):207-12
pubmed: 9718291
Brain Res. 1998 Sep 21;806(1):1-7
pubmed: 9739098
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013 Dec 1;133(2):746-50
pubmed: 23890492
J Med Toxicol. 2012 Mar;8(1):33-42
pubmed: 22108839
Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2015 Jan;36(1):41-50
pubmed: 25542076
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Feb;1187:247-75
pubmed: 20201857
Arch Toxicol. 2012 Aug;86(8):1167-231
pubmed: 22392347
Eur J Pharmacol. 2015 May 15;755:119-26
pubmed: 25771452
Synapse. 1990;5(1):48-58
pubmed: 2300906
Neurosci Lett. 2004 Sep 9;367(3):349-54
pubmed: 15337264
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2015 Aug;354(2):103-10
pubmed: 25998047
Behav Brain Res. 2017 Jan 15;317:494-501
pubmed: 27737791
Cell. 1994 Dec 16;79(6):945-55
pubmed: 8001143
Neuropharmacology. 1979 Dec;18(12):971-9
pubmed: 394018
Behav Brain Res. 2012 Sep 1;234(1):76-81
pubmed: 22728726
Learn Behav. 2003 May;31(2):165-72
pubmed: 12882375
Brain Res. 1988 Oct 18;462(2):211-22
pubmed: 2847849
Eur J Neurosci. 2002 Aug;16(3):514-20
pubmed: 12193195
Psychopharmacologia. 1971;22(4):352-6
pubmed: 5133436
Psychol Rev. 1971 Nov;78(6):459-86
pubmed: 4941414
Dev Psychobiol. 2014 May;56(4):635-46
pubmed: 23775255
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Apr;172(4):463-70
pubmed: 14727002
Brain Res. 1987 Jun 23;414(1):77-84
pubmed: 3620924
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1989 Jan;32(1):1-8
pubmed: 2734321
J Addict Res Ther. 2012 Dec 1;Suppl 9:
pubmed: 24244886
Drug Test Anal. 2014 Jul-Aug;6(7-8):825-31
pubmed: 24692417
Toxicol Sci. 2016 Sep;153(1):89-102
pubmed: 27255387
Behav Pharmacol. 1996 Nov;7(6):526-531
pubmed: 11224449
Forensic Sci Int. 2014 Dec;245:126-32
pubmed: 25447185
Dis Mon. 2012 Feb;58(2):38-89
pubmed: 22251899
Chem Res Toxicol. 2016 May 16;29(5):871-8
pubmed: 26954347
J Drug Alcohol Res. 2016;5:
pubmed: 28424752
Radiat Res Suppl. 1967;7:439-50
pubmed: 6058671
Neuropharmacology. 2015 May;92:90-7
pubmed: 25600245
Neuron. 2004 Feb 19;41(4):625-38
pubmed: 14980210
Addict Biol. 2017 Sep;22(5):1169-1178
pubmed: 27060605
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2004 Jun;78(2):199-207
pubmed: 15219759
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2013 Feb;225(3):675-85
pubmed: 22972412
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2017 Feb;234(4):589-598
pubmed: 27896377
Behav Neurosci. 2000 Apr;114(2):353-63
pubmed: 10832796
Neuropharmacology. 2016 Sep;108:111-9
pubmed: 27085607
Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2013 Nov;51(9):899-903
pubmed: 24111554
Addict Biol. 2018 Jan;23(1):102-110
pubmed: 27910188
Br J Pharmacol. 2001 Dec;134(8):1711-23
pubmed: 11739248
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 Mar;114(2):229-32
pubmed: 7838912
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2015 Jul;134:99-105
pubmed: 25969401
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2017 Jun 2;76:19-28
pubmed: 28219712
Learn Behav. 2011 Dec;39(4):399-408
pubmed: 21710342
Lancet. 2013 Jan 12;381(9861):101-2
pubmed: 23320280
Biochem Pharmacol. 2013 Jun 15;85(12):1803-15
pubmed: 23583454
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Dec 1;157:1-17
pubmed: 26482089
J Psychopharmacol. 2015 Nov;29(11):1209-18
pubmed: 26253621
Behav Pharmacol. 1991 Nov;2(4 And 5):253-264
pubmed: 11224069
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013 Mar;38(4):552-62
pubmed: 23072836
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006 Dec;189(2):187-99
pubmed: 17013639
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1990 Dec;37(4):707-11
pubmed: 2093176
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2014 Nov;126:163-9
pubmed: 25284129
Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2011 Oct;1(4):392-400
pubmed: 21918675
Drug Alcohol Rev. 2013 Nov;32(6):588-93
pubmed: 23795887
Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2018 Apr;56(4):256-263
pubmed: 28895757
J Neurochem. 1993 Nov;61(5):1611-9
pubmed: 7693863
Forensic Toxicol. 2016;34:372-385
pubmed: 27594923
Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2017 May;61:74-81
pubmed: 28212938
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2005 Nov;82(3):583-9
pubmed: 16337262
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1991 Mar;38(3):513-7
pubmed: 2068188
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012 Apr;37(5):1192-203
pubmed: 22169943
Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2017;32:49-72
pubmed: 27272068
Addict Biol. 2014 Mar;19(2):165-74
pubmed: 22784198
Addict Biol. 2006 Mar;11(1):2-38
pubmed: 16759333
Drug Alcohol Depend. 1985 Feb;14(3-4):249-61
pubmed: 3888576
ACS Chem Neurosci. 2015 Oct 21;6(10):1726-31
pubmed: 26217965
Forensic Sci Int. 2018 Jan;282:168-178
pubmed: 29216523
Life Sci. 2014 Feb 27;97(1):37-44
pubmed: 23892199
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2017 May;156:48-55
pubmed: 28427995
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007 Jan;189(4):407-24
pubmed: 16541247
Life Sci. 2014 Feb 27;97(1):2-8
pubmed: 23911668
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2005 Dec;82(4):751-7
pubmed: 16412500
Fed Regist. 2013 Jan 4;78(3):664-6
pubmed: 23289157
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006 Jun;186(2):201-8
pubmed: 16586088
Behav Neurosci. 2015 Aug;129(4):380-8
pubmed: 26214212
Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2017;32:313-331
pubmed: 28012094
J Med Toxicol. 2015 Jun;11(2):195-200
pubmed: 25468315
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010 Aug;211(3):313-23
pubmed: 20559822
Addict Biol. 2012 Mar;17(2):409-22
pubmed: 21995495
Pharmacology. 2007;80(2-3):65-119
pubmed: 17570954
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015 Jan;40(2):436-45
pubmed: 25074640
Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Jul 02;5:109-15
pubmed: 23869180
Adv Neurosci (Hindawi). 2014 Jun 4;2014:209875
pubmed: 25328910
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2017 Nov;234(21):3207-3215
pubmed: 28786030
Arch Toxicol. 2015 May;89(5):757-71
pubmed: 24903018
J Neurochem. 1993 Feb;60(2):527-35
pubmed: 8419534
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2017 Mar;360(3):417-423
pubmed: 28039330
PLoS One. 2014 Jun 03;9(6):e99002
pubmed: 24892744
Br J Pharmacol. 1994 Apr;111(4):1073-80
pubmed: 8032593
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2015 Jun;232(11):1867-77
pubmed: 25424056
Neuropsychobiology. 2004;50(4):329-35
pubmed: 15539865
Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(36):5511-5522
pubmed: 28677506
Forensic Sci Int. 2012 Jul 10;220(1-3):67-73
pubmed: 22386867
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1994 Apr;47(4):981-3
pubmed: 8029273
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1996 Mar;53(3):511-6
pubmed: 8866948
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005 May;179(2):498-508
pubmed: 15821959
J Neurochem. 2008 May;105(3):605-16
pubmed: 18088364
Pharmacol Toxicol. 1992 Feb;70(2):77-86
pubmed: 1508843
J Psychopharmacol. 2013 Sep;27(9):823-36
pubmed: 23739178
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2015 Aug;232(16):3045-55
pubmed: 25925780
Neurotox Res. 2018 Oct;34(3):525-537
pubmed: 29713996
Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2015 May;18(5):296-300
pubmed: 25965863
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003 Jun 5;70(3 Suppl):S55-72
pubmed: 12759197
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009 Oct;206(2):303-12
pubmed: 19629450
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2015 Apr;232(7):1197-205
pubmed: 25281225
Front Physiol. 2016 Oct 13;7:435
pubmed: 27790150
Clin Nephrol. 2014 Jan;81(1):63-6
pubmed: 24356039
Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2012 Nov-Dec;34(6):647-50
pubmed: 22898445
Curr Neuropharmacol. 2015 Jan;13(1):21-5
pubmed: 26074741
Curr Neuropharmacol. 2017;15(5):738-749
pubmed: 27908258
J Anal Toxicol. 2017 May 1;41(4):342-346
pubmed: 28137731
Drug Test Anal. 2011 Jul-Aug;3(7-8):439-53
pubmed: 21755607
J Toxicol Sci. 2017;42(5):539-543
pubmed: 28904288
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1992 Dec;16(6):1117-24
pubmed: 1471766
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012 Nov 1;126(1-2):257-62
pubmed: 22652295
Lancet Psychiatry. 2016 Aug;3(8):760-773
pubmed: 27475769
J Neurochem. 2015 Apr;133(2):211-22
pubmed: 25626880
Dev Psychobiol. 2013 May;55(4):415-28
pubmed: 22585679
J Psychopharmacol. 2014 Nov;28(11):1053-63
pubmed: 25237120
Int J Drug Policy. 2017 Aug;46:61-65
pubmed: 28628897
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2014 Jan;231(1):199-207
pubmed: 23949206
Physiol Behav. 2013 Mar 15;112-113:96-103
pubmed: 23474135
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013 May 1;129(3):240-6
pubmed: 23540449
Fed Regist. ;82(39):12171-7
pubmed: 28355044
Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1993 Sep-Dec;18(3):247-91
pubmed: 8401595
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996 Nov;279(2):1043-52
pubmed: 8930215
Addict Biol. 2016 Nov;21(6):1127-1139
pubmed: 26180025
Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2017;32:119-131
pubmed: 27696217
Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2015 Mar;119:77-84
pubmed: 25617666
Addiction. 2014 Oct;109(10):1577-9
pubmed: 24984975
ACS Chem Neurosci. 2015 Jan 21;6(1):27-36
pubmed: 25491345
BMJ. 2015 Nov 03;351:h5790
pubmed: 26537832
Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Mar 22;559(2-3):132-7
pubmed: 17223101
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016 Oct 01;167:121-7
pubmed: 27520883
Addict Biol. 2007 Sep;12(3-4):227-462
pubmed: 17678505
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2014 Aug;231(16):3119-29
pubmed: 24705904
Ann Emerg Med. 2012 Jul;60(1):103-5
pubmed: 22387085
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011 Oct 1;118(1):19-22
pubmed: 21420252
Science. 1962 Oct 12;138(3537):143-4
pubmed: 14005543
Psychopharmacologia. 1973;29(3):253-61
pubmed: 4702277
Toxicology. 2017 Jul 15;387:57-66
pubmed: 28645576
Q J Stud Alcohol. 1970 Sep;31(3):578-86
pubmed: 5466397
Neuropharmacology. 2014 Apr;79:152-60
pubmed: 24275046
Science. 1972 Feb 25;175(4024):911-2
pubmed: 5008609
Behav Pharmacol. 2017 Oct;28(7):578-581
pubmed: 28570297
Neurotoxicology. 2012 Oct;33(5):1305-13
pubmed: 22922498
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2001 Mar;68(3):603-10
pubmed: 11325418
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014 Mar;39(4):1031-8
pubmed: 24165886
Lancet HIV. 2014 Oct;1(1):e22-31
pubmed: 26423813
Pharmacol Rev. 2011 Jun;63(2):348-65
pubmed: 21490129
Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2018 May - Jun;67:10-17
pubmed: 29501570
Behav Pharmacol. 2017 Oct;28(7):586-589
pubmed: 28704276
Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012 Mar;22(3):231-6
pubmed: 21824752
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018 Mar;43(4):761-769
pubmed: 28677665
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2007 Mar;86(3):516-23
pubmed: 17306352
Neuropharmacology. 2018 May 15;134(Pt A):4-12
pubmed: 28755886
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011 Jan;35(3):912-38
pubmed: 21036191
Neurotoxicology. 2016 Jul;55:83-91
pubmed: 27237056
Hum Psychopharmacol. 2017 May;32(3):
pubmed: 28631397
Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014 Oct 31;18(1):
pubmed: 25522379