Risk factors predisposing to cardia gastric adenocarcinoma: Insights and new perspectives.
Helicobacter pylori
cardia gastric adenocarcinoma
risk biomarkers
Journal
Cancer medicine
ISSN: 2045-7634
Titre abrégé: Cancer Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101595310
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
10 2019
10 2019
Historique:
received:
24
04
2019
revised:
17
07
2019
accepted:
01
08
2019
pubmed:
27
8
2019
medline:
15
9
2020
entrez:
27
8
2019
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Recent decades have seen an alarming increase in the incidence of cardia gastric adenocarcinoma (CGA) while noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma (NCGA) has decreased. In 2012, 260 000 CGA cases (age-standardised rate (ASR); 3.3/100 000) and 691 000 NCGA cases (ASR; 8.8/100 000) were reported worldwide. Compared with women, men had greater rates for both the subsites, especially for CGA. Recently, four molecular subtypes of GC have been proposed by the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG); however, these classifications do not take into account predisposing germline variants and their possible interaction with somatic alterations in carcinogenesis. The etiology of adenocarcinoma of the cardia and the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) is not known. It is thought that CGA is distinct from adenocarcinomas located in the esophagus or distal stomach, both epidemiologically and biologically. Moreover, CGA is often identified in the advanced stage having a poor prognosis. Therefore, understanding the risk and the role of predisposing factors in etiology of CGA can inform clinical practice and counseling for risk reduction. In this paper, we showed that GC family history, lifestyle, demographics, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Helicobacter pylori infection, and multiple genetic and epigenetic risk factors as well as several predisposing conditions may underlie susceptibility to CGA. However, several genome-wide association studies (GWASs) should be conducted to identify novel high-penetrance genes and pathways as well as causal germline variants predisposing to CGA. They must include different ethnic groups, especially from high-incidence countries for CGA, because some risk loci are ancestry-specific. In parallel, statistical methods can be developed to identify cancer predisposition genes (CPGs) from tumor sequencing data. It is also necessary to find novel long noncoding RNAs related to the risk of CGA. Taken altogether, new cancer risk prediction models, including all genetic and nongenetic factors influencing risk, should be developed to facilitate risk assessment, disease prevention, and early diagnosis and intervention of CGA in the future.
Identifiants
pubmed: 31448582
doi: 10.1002/cam4.2497
pmc: PMC6792520
doi:
Substances chimiques
MicroRNAs
0
RNA, Long Noncoding
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
6114-6126Subventions
Organisme : National Institute for Medical Research Development
ID : 958117
Pays : International
Informations de copyright
© 2019 The Authors. Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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