Orbital mycoses in a pediatric subtropical population: a case series.

To report our experience in the diagnosis and management of invasive fungal infections with orbital involvement in children from a subtropical population. The medical records of children (<18 years of age) with orbital mycosis and treated by the senior author (TJS) from 1995 to 2017 in multiple pediatric tertiary centers were reviewed retrospectively. Six patients (aged 12 weeks to 15 years) were included in this series. Four patients had confirmed infection with isolated pathogens, including mucormycosis (3) and Exserohilum (2). One patient rapidly deteriorated and died before biopsy could be performed; however, the patient was presumed to have invasive fungal disease. Four patients had underlying hematological malignancy, and 1 presented in diabetic ketoacidosis. Orbital apex syndrome was observed in one patient. All patients received liposomal amphotericin B and five underwent at least one debridement surgery. One patient proceeded to orbital exenteration and survived. The overall survival rate was 67%. Orbital mycoses can affect children of all ages. Immunocompromised patients are particularly at risk, and mortality rates are high. In a subtropical population, these infections may be caused by a different spectrum of fungi compared to other climate zones. We believe extensive surgical debridement, including exenteration may still be necessary in the management of this disease in a young population, particularly if there is extensive orbital involvement.

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