Prevalence of contact allergy to metals: nickel, palladium, and cobalt in Southern Sweden from 1995-2016.
Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Child
Cobalt
/ adverse effects
Consumer Product Safety
/ legislation & jurisprudence
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
/ epidemiology
Female
Humans
Jewelry
/ adverse effects
Male
Middle Aged
Nickel
/ adverse effects
Palladium
/ adverse effects
Patch Tests
Prevalence
Retrospective Studies
Sweden
/ epidemiology
Young Adult
cobalt
delayed hypersensitivity
metal contact allergy
nickel
nickel directive
palladium
prevention
Journal
Contact dermatitis
ISSN: 1600-0536
Titre abrégé: Contact Dermatitis
Pays: England
ID NLM: 7604950
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Apr 2020
Apr 2020
Historique:
received:
04
09
2019
revised:
09
10
2019
accepted:
17
10
2019
pubmed:
19
10
2019
medline:
23
9
2020
entrez:
19
10
2019
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
In 2001, the EU nickel directive was introduced to prevent contact allergy to nickel. Contact allergy to palladium and/or cobalt is often seen together with contact allergy to nickel. To compare the contact allergy prevalence of nickel, palladium, and cobalt allergy before and after the introduction of the EU nickel directive in consecutive patients with dermatitis. A retrospective analysis of patch test results from 1995-2016 was performed (n = 18 264). Chi-square tests were used to examine trends for nickel, palladium, and cobalt across test years. Logistic regression was used for associations. The prevalence of nickel allergy decreased significantly in the youngest age group (6-30 years) for both female and male patients from 1995-1999 to 2012-2016: females: 33.4% to 19.1% (P < .001); males: 5.9% to 2.1% (P < .05). The concomitant reactions between nickel and palladium and nickel and cobalt among young females, respectively, also decreased significantly. Isolated palladium and cobalt allergy remained stable (1.4% and 2.3%, respectively) during the same time period for both men and women. The prevalence of nickel has decreased among young females and males suspected of contact allergy in Southern Sweden after the introduction of the EU nickel directive. There has been no change in isolated palladium or cobalt allergy.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
In 2001, the EU nickel directive was introduced to prevent contact allergy to nickel. Contact allergy to palladium and/or cobalt is often seen together with contact allergy to nickel.
OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVE
To compare the contact allergy prevalence of nickel, palladium, and cobalt allergy before and after the introduction of the EU nickel directive in consecutive patients with dermatitis.
METHODS
METHODS
A retrospective analysis of patch test results from 1995-2016 was performed (n = 18 264). Chi-square tests were used to examine trends for nickel, palladium, and cobalt across test years. Logistic regression was used for associations.
RESULTS
RESULTS
The prevalence of nickel allergy decreased significantly in the youngest age group (6-30 years) for both female and male patients from 1995-1999 to 2012-2016: females: 33.4% to 19.1% (P < .001); males: 5.9% to 2.1% (P < .05). The concomitant reactions between nickel and palladium and nickel and cobalt among young females, respectively, also decreased significantly. Isolated palladium and cobalt allergy remained stable (1.4% and 2.3%, respectively) during the same time period for both men and women.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of nickel has decreased among young females and males suspected of contact allergy in Southern Sweden after the introduction of the EU nickel directive. There has been no change in isolated palladium or cobalt allergy.
Substances chimiques
Cobalt
3G0H8C9362
Palladium
5TWQ1V240M
Nickel
7OV03QG267
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
218-226Subventions
Organisme : Swedish Asthma and Allergy Association's Research Foundation
Informations de copyright
© 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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