The Diversity of Venom: The Importance of Behavior and Venom System Morphology in Understanding Its Ecology and Evolution.
Venom diversity
defense
predation
toxin function
venom gland
venom metering
venom optimization
Journal
Toxins
ISSN: 2072-6651
Titre abrégé: Toxins (Basel)
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101530765
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
14 11 2019
14 11 2019
Historique:
received:
05
10
2019
revised:
06
11
2019
accepted:
12
11
2019
entrez:
20
11
2019
pubmed:
20
11
2019
medline:
18
11
2020
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Venoms are one of the most convergent of animal traits known, and encompass a much greater taxonomic and functional diversity than is commonly appreciated. This knowledge gap limits the potential of venom as a model trait in evolutionary biology. Here, we summarize the taxonomic and functional diversity of animal venoms and relate this to what is known about venom system morphology, venom modulation, and venom pharmacology, with the aim of drawing attention to the importance of these largely neglected aspects of venom research. We find that animals have evolved venoms at least 101 independent times and that venoms play at least 11 distinct ecological roles in addition to predation, defense, and feeding. Comparisons of different venom systems suggest that morphology strongly influences how venoms achieve these functions, and hence is an important consideration for understanding the molecular evolution of venoms and their toxins. Our findings also highlight the need for more holistic studies of venom systems and the toxins they contain. Greater knowledge of behavior, morphology, and ecologically relevant toxin pharmacology will improve our understanding of the evolution of venoms and their toxins, and likely facilitate exploration of their potential as sources of molecular tools and therapeutic and agrochemical lead compounds.
Identifiants
pubmed: 31739590
pii: toxins11110666
doi: 10.3390/toxins11110666
pmc: PMC6891279
pii:
doi:
Substances chimiques
Venoms
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Subventions
Organisme : Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
ID : BB/K003488/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
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