Herb-drug interaction studies of herbs used in treatment of cardiovascular disorders-A narrative review of preclinical and clinical studies.
CYP inhibition
cardiovascular diseases
cardiovascular drugs
cardiovascular herbs
herb-drug interaction
herbs
Journal
Phytotherapy research : PTR
ISSN: 1099-1573
Titre abrégé: Phytother Res
Pays: England
ID NLM: 8904486
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
May 2020
May 2020
Historique:
received:
31
05
2019
revised:
19
11
2019
accepted:
23
11
2019
pubmed:
8
1
2020
medline:
21
7
2020
entrez:
8
1
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
About 70% of the world population is currently using medicinal herbs as complementary or alternative medicine, which is increasing at a tremendous pace in both developed and developing countries in the last two decades (World Health Organization Medicines Strategy 2002-2005). This increase in consumer demand of medicinal herbs continues despite the rarity of scientific data to establish their safety and efficacy profile. Its popularity is also attributed to several factors, including easy availability, cost effectiveness leading to better purchasing power and general perception that they are safe. Herbs are often administered concomitantly with therapeutic drugs for the treatment of major ailments, raising the potential for herb-drug interactions (HDIs). The major pathways postulated for HDIs involves the cytochrome P450 (CYP450)-mediated inhibition or induction and transport and efflux proteins. In our review, we highlight frequently used herbal medicines for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders (CVD), their established HDIs studied using in vitro tools and in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assays and case reports. Herbs have been divided into different sections on the basis of availability of HDI data in relevance to cardiovascular drugs: herbs reported to interact with cardiac drugs, herbs yet to be reported for interaction with drugs of any class and herbs reported to interact with drugs of other therapeutic category but not with cardiac drugs. The amount of active phytoconstituents present in the selected herbs and their extent of bioavailability are also mentioned. This review can serve as a quick reference database for physicians and health care professionals involved in CVD treatment, aimed at maximizing clinical outcomes with reduction in adverse and toxic effects.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1008-1026Informations de copyright
© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Références
AARP and National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. (2011). Complementary and alternative medicine: What people aged 50 and older discuss with their healthcare providers. Consumer Survery Report, (April), 1-14.
Ahmmed, S. K. M., Mukherjee, P. K., Bahadur, S., Kar, A., Al-Dhabi, N. A., & Duraipandiyan, V. (2015). Inhibition potential of Moringa oleifera Lam on drug metabolizing enzymes. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 14(4), 614-619.
Al-Ali, M., Wahbi, S., Twaij, H., & Al-Badr, A. (2003). Tribulus terrestris: Preliminary study of its diuretic and contractile effects and comparison with Zea mays. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 85(2-3), 257-260.
Amacher, D. E. (2010). The effects of cytochrome P450 induction by xenobiotics on endobiotic metabolism in pre-clinical safety studies. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 20, 159-166.
Andallu, B., & B. (2012). Hypoglycmic, diuretic and hypocholesterolemic effect of winter cherry (Withania somnifera, Dunal) root. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 3, 607-609.
Anukunwithaya, T., Poo, P., Hunsakunachai, N., Rodsiri, R., Malaivijitnond, S., & Khemawoot, P. (2018). Absolute oral bioavailability and disposition kinetics of puerarin in female rats. BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology, 19(1), 25.
Anwar, F., Latif, S., Ashraf, M., & Gilani, A. H. (2007). Moringa oleifera: A food plant with multiple medicinal uses. Phytotherapy Research, 21, 17-25.
Appiah-Opong, R., Commandeur, J. N. M., van Vugt-Lussenburg, B., & Vermeulen, N. P. E. (2007). Inhibition of human recombinant cytochrome P450s by curcumin and curcumin decomposition products. Toxicology, 235(1-2), 83-91.
Ardiansyah, A., Shirakawa, H., Koseki, T., Ohinata, K., Hashizume, K., & Komai, M. (2006). Rice bran fractions improve blood pressure, lipid profile, and glucose metabolism in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(5), 1914-1920.
Aruna, D., & Naidu, M. U. R. (2007). Pharmacodynamic interaction studies of Ginkgo biloba with cilostazol and clopidogrel in healthy human subjects. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 63(3), 333-338.
Atawodi, S. E., Atawodi, J. C., Idakwo, G. A., Pfundstein, B., Haubner, R., Wurtele, G., & Owen, R. W. (2010). Evaluation of the polyphenol content and antioxidant properties of methanol extracts of the leaves, stem, and root barks of Moringa oleifera Lam. Journal of Medicinal Food, 13(3), 710-716.
Athukuri, B. L., & Neerati, P. (2017). Enhanced Oral bioavailability of Diltiazem by the influence of Gallic acid and Ellagic acid in male Wistar rats: Involvement of CYP3A and P-gp inhibition. Phytotherapy Research, 31(9), 1441-1448.
Bagnis, C. I., Deray, G., Baumelou, A., Le Quintrec, M., & Vanherweghem, J. L. (2004). Herbs and the kidney. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 44, 1-11.
Bahadur, S., Mukherjee, P., Milan Ahmmed, S., Kar, A., Harwansh, R., & Pandit, S. (2016). Metabolism-mediated interaction potential of standardized extract of Tinospora cordifolia through rat and human liver microsomes. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 48(5), 576-581.
Bahramsoltani, R., Rahimi, R., & Farzaei, M. H. (2017). Pharmacokinetic interactions of curcuminoids with conventional drugs: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 209, 1-12.
Bano, G., Raina, R. K., Zutshi, U., Bedi, K. L., Johri, R. K., & Sharma, S. C. (1991). Effect of piperine on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of propranolol and theophylline in healthy volunteers. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 41(6), 615-617.
Bennett, R. N., Mellon, F. A., Foidl, N., Pratt, J. H., Dupont, M. S., Perkins, L., & Kroon, P. A. (2003). Profiling glucosinolates and phenolics in vegetative and reproductive tissues of the multi-purpose trees Moringa oleifera L. (horseradish tree) and Moringa stenopetala L. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(12), 3546-3553.
Bhardwaj, R. K. (2003). Piperine, a major constituent of Black pepper, inhibits human P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 302(2), 645-650.
Björnstad, K., Helander, A., Hultén, P., & Beck, O. (2009). Bioanalytical investigation of asarone in connection with Acorus calamus oil intoxications. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 33(9), 604-609.
Bordia, A., Verma, S. K., & Srivastava, K. C. (1997). Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.) on blood lipids, blood sugar and platelet aggregation in patients with coronary artery disease. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 56(5), 379-384.
Cai, Y., Zhang, W., Chen, Z., Shi, Z., He, C., & Chen, M. (2016). Recent insights into the biological activities and drug delivery systems of tanshinones. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 11, 121.
Celik, G., Semiz, A., Karakurt, S., Arslan, S., Adali, O., & Sen, A. (2013). A comparative study for the evaluation of two doses of ellagic acid on hepatic drug metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes in the rat. BioMed Research International, 2013, 1-9.
Chabukswar, A. R., Kuchekar, B. S., Jagdale, S. C., Lokhande, P. D., & Raut, C. G. (2010). Cardio protective activity of Inula racemosa. International Journal of Chemical Sciences, 8(3), 1545-1552.
Chang Huang, K., Wu Jia, C., Jia Pi, W., Je Ginseng, Z., & Chi Lan, J. (2010). Herbs with multiple actions. In The pharmacology of Chinese herbs (2nd ed.) Routledge, CRC Press.
Chauhan, S., Joshi, A., Jain, R., & Jain, D. (2019). Estimation of withanolide A in diverse genotypes of Ashwagandha Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/45909
Chen, X. (1996). Cardiovascular protection by ginsenosides and their nitric oxide releasing action. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 23(8), 728-732.
Cheng, T. O. (1987). Review of the international textbook of cardiology. Annals of Internal Medicine, 107(2), 256-256.
Chiang, H. M., Fang, S. H., Wen, K. C., Hsiu, S. L., Tsai, S. Y., Hou, Y. C., & Lee Chao, P. D. (2005). Life-threatening interaction between the root extract of Pueraria lobata and methotrexate in rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 209(3), 263-268.
Christians, U., Schmitz, V., & Haschke, M. (2005). Functional interactions between P-glycoprotein and CYP3A in drug metabolism. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, 1(4), 641-654.
Chrubasik, S., Pittler, M. H., & Roufogalis, B. D. (2005). Zingiberis rhizoma: A comprehensive review on the ginger effect and efficacy profiles. Phytomedicine, 12(9), 684-701.
Confederation of Indian Industry. (2018) Ayurveda 2.0: on the Cusp of Change. Book/Printed Report, November 23.
Crosby, E. C., Dolan, R. L., Benson, J. E., Luetkemeier, M. J., Barton, R. G., & Askew, E. W. (2004). Herbal diuretic induced dehydration and resting metabolic rate. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(5), S163.
Dayyih, W. A. A., Mallah, E. M., Al-Ani, I. H., & Arafat, T. A. (2016). Liquorice beverage effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of atorvastatin, simvastatin, and lovastatin by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy/mass spectroscopy. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 9(2), 174-179.
DeGorter, M. K., Xia, C. Q., Yang, J. J., & Kim, R. B. (2011). Drug transporters in drug efficacy and toxicity. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 52(1), 249-273.
Dosoky, N., Setzer, W., Dosoky, N. S., & Setzer, W. N. (2018). Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils of Curcuma species. Nutrients, 10(9), 1196.
Dwivedi, S., Somani, P. N., Chansouria, J. P., & Udupa, K. N. (1988). Cardioprotective effects of certain indigenous drugs in myocardial ischaemia in rabbits. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 26(12), 969-975.
Dwivedi, S. (2007). Terminalia arjuna Wight & Arn. A useful drug for cardiovascular disorders. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 114, 114-129.
Dwivedi, S., & Chopra, D. (2014). Revisiting Terminalia arjuna - An Ancient Cardiovascular Drug. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 4(4), 224-231.
Ekor, M. (2014). The growing use of herbal medicines: Issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 4, 177.
Etheridge, A. S., Black, S. R., Patel, P. R., So, J., & Mathews, J. M. (2007). An in vitro evaluation of cytochrome P450 inhibition and P-glycoprotein interaction with goldenseal, Ginkgo biloba, grape seed, milk thistle, and ginseng extracts and their constituents. Planta Medica, 73(08), 731-741.
Farías-Campomanes, A. M., Horita, C. N., Pollonio, M. A., & Meireles, M. A. A. (2014). Allicin-rich extract obtained from garlic by pressurized liquid extraction: Quantitative determination of allicin in garlic samples. Food and Public Health, 4(6), 272-278.
Fenwick, G. R., Lutomski, J., & Nieman, C. (1990). Liquorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra L.-Composition, uses and analysis. Food Chemistry, 38(2), 119-143.
Ferguson, C. S., & Tyndale, R. F. (2011). Cytochrome P450 enzymes in the brain: Emerging evidence of biological significance. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 32, 708-714.
Fugh-Berman, A. (2000). Herb-drug interactions. Lancet, 355, 134-138.
Gaudineau, C., Beckerman, R., Welbourn, S., & Auclair, K. (2004). Inhibition of human P450 enzymes by multiple constituents of the Ginkgo biloba extract. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 318(4), 1072-1078.
Ge, B., Zhang, Z., & Zuo, Z. (2016). Radix Puerariae lobatae (Gegen) suppresses the anticoagulation effect of warfarin: A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics study. Chinese Medicine, 11, 7-22.
Ghasi, S., Nwobodo, E., & Ofili, J. O. (2000). Hypocholesterolemic effects of crude extract of leaf of Moringa oleifera Lam in high-fat diet fed wistar rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 69(1), 21-25.
Ghayur, M. N., & Gilani, A. H. (2005). Ginger lowers blood pressure through blockade of voltage-dependent calcium channels. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 45(1), 74-80.
Gillis, C. N. (1997). Panax ginseng pharmacology: A nitric oxide link? Biochemical Pharmacology, 54(1), 1-8.
Grant, S. J., Bin, Y. S., Kiat, H., & Chang, D. H. T. (2012). The use of complementary and alternative medicine by people with cardiovascular disease: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 299.
Guerra, M. C., Speroni, E., Broccoli, M., Cangini, M., Pasini, P., Minghetti, A., & Paolini, M. (2002). Comparison between Chinese medical herb Pueraria lobata crude extract and its main isoflavone puerarin: Antioxidant properties and effects on rat liver CYP-catalysed drug metabolism. Life Sciences, 67(24), 2997-3006.
Guo, Y., Chen, Y., Tan, Z. R., Klaassen, C. D., & Zhou, H. H. (2012). Repeated administration of berberine inhibits cytochromes P450 in humans. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 68(2), 213-217.
Gupta, R., Singhal, S., Goyle A, &, & Sharma V.N. (2001). Antioxidant and hypocholesterolaemic effects of Terminalia arjuna tree-bark powder: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, Vol. 49, pp. 231-235.
Hajda, J., Rentsch, K. M., Gubler, C., Steinert, H., Stieger, B., & Fattinger, K. (2010). Garlic extract induces intestinal P-glycoprotein, but exhibits no effect on intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 in humans. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 41(5), 729-735.
Hemalatha, S., Wahi, A. K., Singh, P. N., & Chansouria, J. P. N. (2006). Hypolipidemic activity of aqueous extract of Withania coagulans dunal in albino rats. Phytotherapy Research, 20(7), 614-617.
Hiratsuka, M. (2011). In vitro assessment of the allelic variants of cytochrome P450. Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 27(1), 68-84.
Ho, B. E., Shen, D. D., McCune, J. S., Bui, T., Risler, L., Yang, Z., & Ho, R. J. Y. (2010). Effects of garlic on cytochromes P450 2C9- and 3A4-mediated drug metabolism in human hepatocytes. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 78(3), 473-481.
Holland, B., Unwin, I. D., & Buss, D. H. (1991). Vegetables, herbs and spices. In McCance, and Widdowson's the composition of foods, 5th Suppl. London: Royal Society of Chemistry.
Holmes, M. V., Perel, P., Shah, T., Hingorani, A. D., & Casas, J. P. (2011). CYP2C19 genotype, clopidogrel metabolism, platelet function, and cardiovascular events: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 306, 2704-2714.
Hou, X. L., Takahashi, K., Kinoshita, N., Qiu, F., Tanaka, K., Komatsu, K., … J, A. (2007). Possible inhibitory mechanism of Curcuma drugs on CYP3A4 in 1alpha, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 treated Caco-2 cells. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 337(1-2), 169-177.
Hou, Y. C., Lin, S. P., & Chao, P. D. L. (2012). Liquorice reduced cyclosporine bioavailability by activating P-glycoprotein and CYP 3A. Food Chemistry, 135(4), 2307-2312.
Hu, P., Luo, G. A., Zhao, Z. Z., & Jiang, Z. H. (2005). Quantitative determination of four diterpenoids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae using LC-MS-MS. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 53(6), 705-709.
Idakwoji, P. A., Akuba, O. B., & Elah, O. S. (2015). Co-administration of ethanolic leaf extract of Moringa oleífera and metformin reverses polyphagia, polydipsia and stabilizes body weight in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine, 4(9), 193.
Indergaard, M. M. J. (1991). Animal and human nutrition. In M. D. Guiry & G. Blunden (Eds.), Seaweed resources in Europe. Uses and potential, New York, Wiley.
Iwashita, M., Saito, M., Yamaguchi, Y., Takagaki, R., & Nakahata, N. (2007). Inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of Piper longum L. on rabbit platelet aggregation through antagonizing thromboxane A2 receptor. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 30(7), 1221-1225.
Izzo, A. A., Borrelli, F., & Capasso, R. (2002). Herbal medicine: The risk of drug interaction. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 23, 358-359.
Izzo, A. A., Di Carlo, G., Borrelli, F., & Ernst, E. (2005). Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy and herbal medicines: The risk of drug interaction. International Journal of Cardiology, 98, 1-14.
Izzo, A. A., Hoon-Kim, S., Radhakrishnan, R., & Williamson, E. M. (2016). A critical approach to evaluating clinical efficacy, adverse events and drug interactions of herbal remedies. Phytotherapy Research, 30, 691-700.
Jang, E. H., Park, Y. C., & Chung, W. G. (2004). Effects of dietary supplements on induction and inhibition of cytochrome P450s protein expression in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 42(11), 1749-1756.
Jiménez-Escrig, A., & Sánchez-Muniz, F. J. (2000). Dietary fibre from edible seaweeds: Chemical structure, physicochemical properties and effects on cholesterol metabolism. Nutrition Research, 20(4), 585-598.
Jiménez-Escrig, A., & Cambrodón, I. G. (1999). Evaluación nutricional y efectos fisiológicos de macroalgas marinas comestibles. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion, 49(2), 114-120.
Jokar, A., Masoomi, F., Sadeghpour, O., Nassiri-Toosi, M., & Hamedi, S. (2016). Potential therapeutic applications for Terminalia chebula in Iranian traditional medicine. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 36(2), 250-254.
Kaileh, M., Vanden Berghe, W., Heyerick, A., Horion, J., Piette, J., Libert, C., & Haegeman, G. (2007). Withaferin a strongly elicits IκB kinase β hyperphosphorylation concomitant with potent inhibition of its kinase activity. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282(7), 4253-4264.
Khan, A. U., & Gilanii, A. H. (2008). Pharmacodynamic evaluation of Terminalia bellerica for its antihypertensive effect. Journal of Food & Drug Analysis., 16(3), 6-14.
Kim, E. O., Cha, K. H., Lee, E. H., Kim, S. M., Choi, S. W., Pan, C. H., & Um, B. H. (2014). Bioavailability of ginsenosides from white and red ginsengs in the simulated digestion model. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(41), 10055-10063.
Kim, J. Y., Kim, J. S., Jung, J. H., Chun, P., & Rhew, K. Y. (2014). Inhibitory effects of puerarin on cytochrome P450 subfamilies in vitro. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 14(1), 1-5.
Kim, Y. S., Pyo, M. K., Park, K. M., Park, P. H., Hahn, B. S., Wu, S. J., & Yun-Choi, H. S. (1998). Antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects of a combination of ticlopidine and Ginkgo biloba Ext (EGb 761). Thrombosis Research, 91(1), 33-38.
Konishi, Y., Hitomi, Y., & Yoshioka, E. (2004). Intestinal absorption of p-coumaric and gallic acids in rats after oral administration. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(9), 2527-2532.
Koscielny, J., Klüssendorf, D., Latza, R., Schmitt, R., Radtke, H., Siegel, G., & Kiesewetter, H. (1999). The antiatherosclerotic effect of Allium sativum. Atherosclerosis, 144(1), 237-249.
Krüth, P., Brosi, E., Fux, R., Mörike, K., & Gleiter, C. H. (2004). Ginger-associated overanticoagulation by phenprocoumon. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 38(2), 257-260.
Kumar, V., & Nagar, S. (2014). Studies on Tinospora cordifolia monosugars and correlation analysis of uronic acids by spectrophotometric methods and GLC. Carbohydrate Polymers, 99, 291-296.
Langner, E., Greifenberg, S., & Gruenwald, J. (1998). Ginger: History and use. Advances in Therapy, 15(1), 25-44.
Lawson, L. D., & Wang, Z. J. (2005). Allicin and allicin-derived garlic compounds increase breath acetone through allyl methyl sulfide: Use in measuring allicin bioavailability. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(6), 1974-1983.
Leclercq, I. A., Farrell, G. C., Field, J., Bell, D. R., Gonzalez, F. J., & Robertson, G. R. (2000). CYP2E1 and CYP4A as microsomal catalysts of lipid peroxides in murine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 105(8), 1067-1075.
Lee, F. C. (1992). Facts about Ginseng: The elixir of life Hollyn international corporation. NJ: Elizabeth.
Lee, S. H., Ahn, Y. M., Ahn, S. Y., Doo, H. K., & Lee, B. C. (2008). Interaction between warfarin and Panax ginseng in ischemic stroke patients. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 14(6), 715-721.
Levy, I., Attias, S., Ben-Arye, E., Goldstein, L., & Schiff, E. (2017). Adverse events associated with interactions with dietary and herbal supplements among inpatients. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 83(4), 836-845.
Lewis, D. F. (2004). 57 varieties: The human cytochromes P450. Pharmacogenomics, 5(3), 305-318.
Li, C., Wang, Q., Ren, T., Zhang, Y., Lam, C. W. K., Chow, M. S., & Zuo, Z. (2016). Non-linear pharmacokinetics of piperine and its herb-drug interactions with docetaxel in Sprague-Dawley rats. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 128, 286-293.
Li, M., Chen, P. Z., Yue, Q. X., Li, J. Q., Chu, R. A., Zhang, W., & Wang, H. (2013). Pungent ginger components modulates human cytochrome P450 enzymes in vitro. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 34(9), 1237-1242.
Liu, A. C., Zhao, L. X., Xing, J., Liu, T., Du, F. Y., & Lou, H. X. (2012). Pre-treatment with Curcumin enhances plasma concentrations of losartan and its metabolite EXP3174 in rats. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 35(2), 145-150.
Liu, J., Sridhar, J., & Foroozesh, M. (2013). Cytochrome P450 family 1 inhibitors and structure-activity relationships. Molecules, 18, 14470-14495.
Liu, Q., Dang, D.-S., Chen, Y.-F., Yan, M., Shi, G.-B., & Zhao, Q. C. (2012). The influence of omeprazole on platelet inhibition of Clopidogrel in various CYP2C19 mutant alleles. Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers, 16(11), 1293-1297.
Lobo, R., Prabhu, K. S., Shirwaikar, A., & Shirwaikar, A. (2009). Curcuma zedoaria Rosc.(white turmeric): A review of its chemical, pharmacological and ethnomedicinal properties. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 61(1), 13-21.
Lokhande, P. D., Dhaware, B. S., Jagdale, S. C., Chabukswar, A. R., & Mulkalwar, S. A. (2007). Cardiac activity of isolated constituents of Inula racemosa. Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy, 6(3), 81-88.
Lu, J., Fu, T., Qian, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhu, H., Pan, L., & Zhang, M. (2014). Distribution of α-asarone in brain following three different routes of administration in rats. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 63, 63-70.
Mabeau, S., & Fleurence, J. (1993). Seaweed in food products: Biochemical and nutritional aspects. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 4, 103-107.
Makkar, H. P. S., & Becker, K. (1996). Nutrional value and antinutritional components of whole and ethanol extracted Moringa oleifera leaves. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 63, 211-228.
Malati, C. Y., Robertson, S. M., Hunt, J. D., Chairez, C., Alfaro, R. M., Kovacs, J. A., & Penzak, S. R. (2012). Influence of Panax ginseng on cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A and p-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity in healthy participants. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 52(6), 932-939.
Mansour, S. M., Bahgat, A. K., El-Khatib, A. S., & Khayyal, M. T. (2011). Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) normalizes hypertension in 2K, 1C hypertensive rats: Role of antioxidant mechanisms, ACE inhibiting activity and improvement of endothelial dysfunction. Phytomedicine, 18(8-9), 641-647.
Markowitz, J. S., Donovan, J. L., DeVane, C. L., Taylor, R. M., Ruan, Y., Wang, J. S., & Chavin, K. D. (2003). Effect of St John's Wort on drug metabolism by induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290(11), 1500-1504.
Martignoni, M., Groothuis, G. M. M., & de Kanter, R. (2006). Species differences between mouse, rat, dog, monkey and human CYP-mediated drug metabolism, inhibition and induction. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, 2(6), 875-894.
Marzolini, C., Paus, E., & Buclin, T. K. R. (2004). Polymorphisms in human MDR1 (P-glycoprotein): Recent advances and clinical relevance. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 75(1), 13-33.
Mateen, A. A., Rani, P. U., Naidu, M. U. R., & Chandrashekar, E. (2011). Pharmacodynamic interaction study of Allium sativum (garlic) with cilostazol in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 43(3), 270-274.
Mazza, G. (2002). Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric studies of the constituents of the rhizome of Calamus. Journal of Chromatography A, 328, 179-194.
Mbikay, M. (2012). Therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera leaves in chronic hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia: A review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 3, 24.
McHugh, D. J. (1991). Worldwide distribution of commercial resources of seaweeds including Gelidium. Hydrobiologia, 221(1), 19-29.
Meena, A. K., Narasimhaji, C. V., Velvizhi, D., Singh, A., Rekha, P., Kumar, V., & Dhiman, K. S. (2018). Determination of Gallic acid in Ayurvedic Polyherbal formulation Triphala churna and its ingredients by HPLC and HPTLC. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 11(8), 3243-3249.
Mishra, L. C., Singh, B. B., & Dagenais, S. (2000). Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): A review. Alternative Medicine Review: A Journal of Clinical Therapeutic, 5(4), 334-346.
Mohammad, S., Sadika, A., Mohammad, I. H., Mohammad, A. H., & Mohiuddin, A. B. (2016). Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activity of bark extracts of Terminalia arjuna. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(39), 5286-5298.
Morimoto, T., Sunagawa, Y., Kawamura, T., Takaya, T., Wada, H., Nagasawa, A., & Hasegawa, K. (2008). The dietary compound curcumin inhibits p300 histone acetyltransferase activity and prevents heart failure in rats. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 118(3), 868-878.
Nakashima, A., Kawashita, H., Masuda, N., Saxer, C., Niina, M., Nagae, Y., & Iwasaki, K. (2005). Identification of cytochrome P450 forms involved in the 4-hydroxylation of valsartan, a potent and specific angiotensin II receptor antagonist, in human liver microsomes. Xenobiotica, 35(6), 589-602.
Nebert, D., & Russell, D. (2002). Clinical importance of the cytochromes P450. The Lancet, 360(9340), 1155-1162.
Nisizawa, K., Noda, H., Kikuchi, R., & Watanabe, T. (2004). The main seaweed foods in Japan. Hydrobiologia, 151-152(1), 5-29.
Norlin, M., & Wikvall, K. (2007). Enzymes in the conversion of cholesterol into bile acids. Current Molecular Medicine, 7(2), 199-218.
Ohnishi, N., Kusuhara, M., Yoshioka, M., Kuroda, K., Soga, A., Nishikawa, F., & Yamashita, M. (2003). Studies on interactions between functional foods or dietary supplements and medicines. I. Effects of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem in rats. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 26(9), 1315-1320.
Ojha, S., Nandave, M., Kumari, S., & Arya, D. S. (2010). Cardioprotection by Inula racemosa hook in experimental model of myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 48, 918-924.
Orekhov, A. N., & Grünwald, J. (1997). Effects of garlic on atherosclerosis. Nutrition, 13(7-8), 656-663.
Pandit, S., Mukherjee, P. K., Ponnusankar, S., Venkatesh, M., & Srikanth, N. (2011). Metabolism mediated interaction of α-asarone and Acorus calamus with CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Fitoterapia, 82(3), 369-374.
Pandit, S., Ponnusankar, S., Bandyopadhyay, A., Ota, S., & Mukherjee, P. K. (2011). Exploring the possible metabolism mediated interaction of Glycyrrhiza glabra Lextract with CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Phytotherapy Research, 25(10), 1429-1434.
Parys, S., Kehraus, S., Krick, A., Glombitza, K. W., Carmeli, S., Klimo, K., & König, G. M. (2010). In vitro chemopreventive potential of fucophlorethols from the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus L. by anti-oxidant activity and inhibition of selected cytochrome P450 enzymes. Phytochemistry, 71(2-3), 221-229.
Patel, P., Vaghasiya, J., Thakor, A., & Jariwala, J. (2012). Antihypertensive effect of rhizome part of Acorus calamus on renal artery occlusion induced hypertension in rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 1808(12), 60114-60115.
Pavek, P., & Dvorak, Z. (2008). Xenobiotic-induced transcriptional regulation of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes of the cytochrome P450 superfamily in human Extrahepatic tissues. Current Drug Metabolism, 9(2), 129-143.
Ponnusankar, S., Pandit, S., Babu, R., Bandyopadhyay, A., & Mukherjee, P. K. (2011). Cytochrome P450 inhibitory potential of Triphala - a Rasayana from Ayurveda. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 133(1), 120-125.
Prabhakaran, D., Jeemon, P., Sharma, M., Roth, G. A., Johnson, C., Harikrishnan, S., & Dhaliwal, R. S. (2018). The changing patterns of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors in the states of India: The global burden of disease study 1990-2016. The Lancet Global Health, 6(12), e1339-e1351.
Prabhakaran, D., Singh, K., Roth, G. A., Banerjee, A., Pagidipati, N. J., & Huffman, M. D. (2018). Cardiovascular diseases in India compared with the United States. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 72(1), 79-95.
Qin, C. Z., Lv, Q. L., Wu, N. Y., Cheng, L., Chu, Y. C., Chu, T. Y., & Zhou, H. H. (2015). Mechanism-based inhibition of Alantolactone on human cytochrome P450 3A4 in vitro and activity of hepatic cytochrome P450 in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 168, 146-149.
Qiu, F., Jiang, J., Ma, Y., Wang, G., Gao, C., Zhang, X., & Miao, P. (2013). Opposite effects of single-dose and multidose Administration of the Ethanol Extract of Danshen on CYP3A in healthy volunteers. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 1-8.
Qiu, F., Wang, G., Zhang, R., Sun, J., Jiang, J., & Ma, Y. (2010). Effect of danshen extract on the activity of CYP3A4 in healthy volunteers. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 69(6), 656-662.
Ramírez-Tortosa, M. C., Mesa, M. D., Aguilera, M. C., Quiles, J. L., Baró, L., Ramirez-Tortosa, C. L., & Gil, A. (1999). Oral administration of a turmeric extract inhibits LDL oxidation and has hypocholesterolemic effects in rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 147(2), 371-378.
Ravindranath, V., & Chandrasekhara, N. (1981). Metabolism of curcumn-studies with [3H] curcumin. Toxicology, 22(4), 337-344.
Reddy, G. D., Reddy, A. G., Rao, G. S., & Kumar, M. V. (2012). Pharmacokinetic interaction of garlic and atorvastatin in dyslipidemic rats. Indian journal of pharmacology, 44(2), 246.
Rodrigues, M., Alves, G., Abrantes, J., & Falcão, A. (2013). Herb-drug interaction of Fucus vesiculosus extract and amiodarone in rats: A potential risk for reduced bioavailability of amiodarone in clinical practice. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 52, 121-128.
Rodríguez, M., Ringstad, L., Schäfer, P., Just, S., Hofer, H. W., Malmsten, M., & Siegel, G. (2007). Reduction of atherosclerotic nanoplaque formation and size by Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in cardiovascular high-risk patients. Atherosclerosis, 192(2), 438-444.
Rosenkranz, B., Fasinu, P., & Bouic, P. (2012). An overview of the evidence and mechanisms of herb-drug interactions. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 3, 69.
Ross, I. (2001). Medicinal plants of the world: Chemical constituents, traditional and modern medicinal uses (Vol. 2). New Jersey, Humana Press.
Roth, G. A., Johnson, C., Abajobir, A., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S. F., Abyu, G., & Alla, F. (2017). Global, regional, and national burden of cardiovascular diseases for 10 causes, 1990 to 2015. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 70(1), 1-25.
Sahu, R., Ahmed, T., Sangana, R., Punde, R., & Subudhi, B. B. (2018). Effect of Tinospora cordifolia aqua-alcoholic extract on pharmacokinetic of Glibenclamide in rat: An herb-drug interaction study. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 151, 310-316.
Satoh, T., Tsutsui, M., Hotta, H., Ono, S., Hatanaka, T., & Gonzalez, F. J. (2009). Specificity of substrate and inhibitor probes for cytochrome P450s: Evaluation of in vitro metabolism using cDNA-expressed human P450s and human liver microsomes. Xenobiotica, 26(7), 681-693.
Savai, J., Pandita, N., & Chintamaneni, M. (2015). Investigation of CYP1A interaction potential of Withania somnifera in rat and human liver microsomes. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(2), 273-278.
Seca, A. M., Grigore, A., Pinto, D. C., & Silva, A. M. (2014). The genus Inula and their metabolites: From ethnopharmacological to medicinal uses. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 154(2), 286-310.
Shader, R. I., & Greenblatt, D. J. (1985). Phenelzine and the dream machine-Ramblings and reflections. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 5, 65.
Shader, R. I., & Greenblatt, D. J. (1988). Bees, ginseng and MAOIs revisited. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 8, 235-236.
Shah, A. J., & Gilani, A. H. (2009). Blood pressure-lowering and vascular modulator effects of Acorus calamus extract are mediated through multiple pathways. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 54(1), 38-46.
Shamsi, S., Tran, H., Tan, R. S. J., Tan, Z. J., & Lim, L. Y. (2017). Curcumin, Piperine, and capsaicin: a comparative study of spice-mediated inhibition of human cytochrome P450 isozyme activities. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 45(1), 49-55.
Sharma, A. K., Kishore, K., Sharma, D., Srinivasan, B. P., Agarwal, S. S., Sharma, A., & Jatav, V. S. (2011). Cardioprotective activity of alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers in calcium chloride-induced cardiac arrhythmia in rats. Journal of Biomedical Research, 25(4), 280-286.
Sharma, E., Dubey, A. K., Malhotra, S., Manocha, S., & Handu, S. (2017). Use of complementary and alternative medicines in Indian elderly patients. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 7(9), 929.
Sharma, P., Velu, V., Indrani, D., & Singh, R. P. (2013). Effect of dried guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) leaf powder on rheological, organoleptic and nutritional characteristics of cookies. Food Research International, 50(2), 704-709.
Shibata, S., Murakami, T., Nishikawa, Y., & Harada, M. (2011). The constituents of Pueraria root. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 7(1), 134-136.
Shoji, N., Umeyama, A., Saito, N., Takemoto, T., Kajiwara, A., & Ohizumi, Y. (1986). Dehydropipernonaline, an amide possessing coronary vasodilating activity, isolated from Piper iongum L. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 75(12), 1188-1189.
Singh, D., Kashyap, A., Pandey, R. V., & Saini, K. S. (2011). Novel advances in cytochrome P450 research. Drug Discovery Today, 16, 793-799.
Singh, G., Sharma, P. K., Dudhe, R., & Singh, S. (2010). Biological activities of Withania somnifera. Annals of Biological Research. Journal, 1(3), 56-63.
Smith, T., Lynch, M. E., Johnson, J., Kawa, K., Bauman, H., & Blumenthal, M. (2015). Herbal dietary supplement sales in US increase 6.8% in 2014. Herbal Gram, 107, 52-59.
Song, M., Hwang, J. Y., Lee, M. Y., Jee, J. G., Lee, Y. M., Bae, J. S., & Lee, S. (2014). In vitro inhibitory effect of piperlonguminine isolated from Piper longum on human cytochrome P450 1A2. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 37(8), 1063-1068.
Srinivasan, G. V., Unnikrishnan, K. P., Shree, A. R., & Balachandran, I. (2008). HPLC estimation of berberine in Tinospora cordifolia and Tinospora sinensis. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 70(1), 96-99.
Suetsuna, K. (1998). Isolation and characterization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor depeptides derived from Allium sativum L (garlic). The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 9(7), 415-419.
Szakács, G., Váradi, A., Özvegy-Laczka, C., & Sarkadi, B. (2008). The role of ABC transporters in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADME-Tox). Drug Discovery Today, 13, 379-393.
Taesotikul, T., Navinpipatana, V., & Tassaneeyakul, W. (2010). Selective inhibition of human cytochrome P450 1A2 by Moringa oleifera. Hai Journal of Pharmacology, 32(1), 256-258.
Tan, R. X., Tang, H. Q., Hu, J., & Shuai, B. (1998). Lignans and sesquiterpene lactones from Artemisia sieversiana and Inula racemosa. Phytochemistry, 49(1), 157-161.
Tayyem, R. F., Heath, D. D., Al-Delaimy, W. K., & Rock, C. L. (2006). Curcumin content of turmeric and curry powders. Nutrition and Cancer, 55(2), 126-131.
Trumbeckaite, S., Bernatoniene, J., Majiene, D., Jakštas, V., Savickas, A., & Toleikis, A. (2007). Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on the rat heart mitochondrial function. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 111(3), 512-516.
Tu, J. H., He, Y. J., Chen, Y., Fan, L., Zhang, W., Tan, Z. R., & Zhou, H. H. (2010). Effect of glycyrrhizin on the activity of CYP3A enzyme in humans. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 66(8), 805-810.
Umathe, S. N., Dixit, P. V., Bansod, K. U., & Wanjari, M. M. (2008). Quercetin pretreatment increases the bioavailability of pioglitazone in rats: Involvement of CYP3A inhibition. Biochemical Pharmacology, 75(8), 1670-1676.
Varghese, A., Savai, J., Pandita, N., & Gaud, R. (2015). In vitro modulatory effects of Terminalia arjuna, arjunic acid, arjunetin and arjungenin on CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 enzyme activity in human liver microsomes. Toxicology Reports, 2, 806-816.
Vitalone, A., Menniti-Ippolito, F., Moro, P. A., Firenzuoli, F., Raschetti, R., & Mazzanti, G. (2011). Suspected adverse reactions associated with herbal products used for weight loss: A case series reported to the Italian National Institute of health. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 67(3), 215-224.
Visavadiya, N. P. & Narasimhacharya, A. V. R. L. (2007). Hypocholesteremic and antioxidant effects of Withania somnifera (Dunal) in hypercholesteremic rats. Phytomedicine, 14(2-3), 132-142.
Volak, L. P., Ghirmai, S., & Cashman, J. R. (2008). Curcuminoids inhibit multiple human cytochromes P450, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, and sulfotransferase enzymes, whereas piperine is a relatively selective CYP3A4 inhibitor. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 36(8), 1594-1605.
von Moltke, L. L., Weemhoff, J. L., Bedir, E., Khan, I. A., Harmatz, J. S., Goldman, P., & Greenblatt, D. J. (2004). Inhibition of human cytochromes P450 by components of Ginkgo biloba. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 56(8), 1039-1044.
Wang, J. F., & Chou, K. C. (2010). Molecular modeling of cytochrome P450 and drug metabolism. Current Drug Metabolism, 11(4), 342-346.
Wang, X., Cheung, C. M., Lee, W. Y. W., Or, P. M. Y., & Yeung, J. H. K. (2010). Major tanshinones of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) exhibit different modes of inhibition on human CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 activities in vitro. Phytomedicine, 17(11), 868-875.
Wang, Z., Kurosaki, Y., Nakayama, T., & Kimura, T. (1994). Mechanism of gastrointestinal absorption of glycyrrhizin in rats. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 17(10), 1399-1403.
World Health Organisation (2001). “World Health Organization medicines Strategy 2002-2005”. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2002/who_edm_trm_2002.1.pdf.
Wu, H. B., & Fang, Y. Q. (2004). Pharmacokinetics of beta-asarone in rats. Yao xue xue bao=. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 39(10), 836-838.
Wu, L. J., Sun, L. L., Li, M., Yang, H., Jiang, Z. R., Lu, Y., & Ueno, A. (2017). Studies on the constituents of the roots of Acorus calamus L. Yakugaku Zasshi, 114(3), 182-185.
Wu, W. W., & Yeung, J. H. (2010). Inhibition of warfarin hydroxylation by major tanshinones of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) in the rat in vitro and in vivo. Phytomedicine, 17(3-4), 219-226.
Zhou, X., Chan, K., & Yeung, J. H. (2012). Herb-drug interactions with Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza): A review on the role of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions, 27(1), 9-18.
Yang, H., Li, P., Wu, S. Q., & Liu, X. G. (2014). Advancement in the chemical analysis and quality control of flavonoid in Ginkgo biloba. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 10(113), 212-225.
Ying, X., Pei, Y., Liu, M., Ding, G., Jiang, M., Liang, Q., & Luo, G. (2014). Discrimination and quantification analysis of Acorus calamus L. and Acorus tatarinowii Schott with near-infrared reflection spectroscopy. Analytical Methods, 6(12), 4212-4218.
Yin, O. Q. P., Tomlinson, B., Waye, M. M. Y., Chow, A. H. L., & Chow, M. S. S. (2004). Pharmacogenetics and herb-drug interactions: Experience with Ginkgo biloba and omeprazole. Pharmacogenetics, 14(12), 841-850.
Young, H. Y., Liao, J. C., Chang, Y. S., Luo, Y. L., Lu, M. C., & Peng, W. H. (2006). Synergistic effect of ginger and Nifedipine on human platelet aggregation: A study in hypertensive patients and Normal volunteers. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 34(04), 545-551.
Yu, B. S., Yan, X. P., Zhen, G. B., & Rao, Y. P. (2002). RP-HPLC determination of puerarin in Chinese traditional medicinal preparations containing pueraria. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 30(3), 843-849.
Yu, S. M., & Kuo, S. C. (1995). Vasorelaxant effect of isoliquiritigenin, a novel soluble guanylate cyclase activator, in rat aorta. British Journal of Pharmacology, 114(8), 1587-1594.
Yu, Z., Ohtaki, Y., Kai, K., Sasano, T., Shimauchi, H., Yokochi, T., & Endo, Y. (2005). Critical roles of platelets in lipopolysaccharide-induced lethality: Effects of glycyrrhizin and possible strategy for acute respiratory distress syndrome. International Immunopharmacology, 5(3), 571-580.
Zhang, J., Onakpoya, I. J., Posadzki, P., & Eddouks, M. (2015). The safety of herbal medicine: From prejudice to evidence. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, 1-3.
Zhang, Z. Y., & Wong, Y. N. (2005). Enzyme kinetics for clinically relevant CYP inhibition. Current Drug Metabolism, 6(3), 241-257.
Zheng, J., Chen, B., Jiang, B., Zeng, L., Tang, Z. R., Fan, L., & Zhou, H. H. (2010). The effects of puerarin on CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 activities in vivo. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 33(2), 243-246.
Zhou, S. F. (2008). Drugs behave as substrates, inhibitors and inducers of human cytochrome P450 3A4. Current Drug Metabolism, 9(4), 310-322.
Zhou, S., Shao, W., & Duan, C. (1999). Observation of preventing and treating effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza composita on patients with ischemic coronary heart disease undergoing non-heart surgery. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 19(2), 75-76.
Zhou, X., Zhang, F., Chen, C., Guo, Z., Liu, J., Yu, J., & Jiang, H. (2017). Impact of curcumin on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in rats and dogs based on the conjugated metabolites. Xenobiotica, 47(3), 267-275.