A Randomized Trial of Erythropoietin for Neuroprotection in Preterm Infants.


Journal

The New England journal of medicine
ISSN: 1533-4406
Titre abrégé: N Engl J Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0255562

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
16 01 2020
Historique:
entrez: 16 1 2020
pubmed: 16 1 2020
medline: 11 2 2020
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

High-dose erythropoietin has been shown to have a neuroprotective effect in preclinical models of neonatal brain injury, and phase 2 trials have suggested possible efficacy; however, the benefits and safety of this therapy in extremely preterm infants have not been established. In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial of high-dose erythropoietin, we assigned 941 infants who were born at 24 weeks 0 days to 27 weeks 6 days of gestation to receive erythropoietin or placebo within 24 hours after birth. Erythropoietin was administered intravenously at a dose of 1000 U per kilogram of body weight every 48 hours for a total of six doses, followed by a maintenance dose of 400 U per kilogram three times per week by subcutaneous injection through 32 completed weeks of postmenstrual age. Placebo was administered as intravenous saline followed by sham injections. The primary outcome was death or severe neurodevelopmental impairment at 22 to 26 months of postmenstrual age. Severe neurodevelopmental impairment was defined as severe cerebral palsy or a composite motor or composite cognitive score of less than 70 (which corresponds to 2 SD below the mean, with higher scores indicating better performance) on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition. A total of 741 infants were included in the per-protocol efficacy analysis: 376 received erythropoietin and 365 received placebo. There was no significant difference between the erythropoietin group and the placebo group in the incidence of death or severe neurodevelopmental impairment at 2 years of age (97 children [26%] vs. 94 children [26%]; relative risk, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.81 to 1.32; P = 0.80). There were no significant differences between the groups in the rates of retinopathy of prematurity, intracranial hemorrhage, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or death or in the frequency of serious adverse events. High-dose erythropoietin treatment administered to extremely preterm infants from 24 hours after birth through 32 weeks of postmenstrual age did not result in a lower risk of severe neurodevelopmental impairment or death at 2 years of age. (Funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; PENUT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01378273.).

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND
High-dose erythropoietin has been shown to have a neuroprotective effect in preclinical models of neonatal brain injury, and phase 2 trials have suggested possible efficacy; however, the benefits and safety of this therapy in extremely preterm infants have not been established.
METHODS
In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial of high-dose erythropoietin, we assigned 941 infants who were born at 24 weeks 0 days to 27 weeks 6 days of gestation to receive erythropoietin or placebo within 24 hours after birth. Erythropoietin was administered intravenously at a dose of 1000 U per kilogram of body weight every 48 hours for a total of six doses, followed by a maintenance dose of 400 U per kilogram three times per week by subcutaneous injection through 32 completed weeks of postmenstrual age. Placebo was administered as intravenous saline followed by sham injections. The primary outcome was death or severe neurodevelopmental impairment at 22 to 26 months of postmenstrual age. Severe neurodevelopmental impairment was defined as severe cerebral palsy or a composite motor or composite cognitive score of less than 70 (which corresponds to 2 SD below the mean, with higher scores indicating better performance) on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition.
RESULTS
A total of 741 infants were included in the per-protocol efficacy analysis: 376 received erythropoietin and 365 received placebo. There was no significant difference between the erythropoietin group and the placebo group in the incidence of death or severe neurodevelopmental impairment at 2 years of age (97 children [26%] vs. 94 children [26%]; relative risk, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.81 to 1.32; P = 0.80). There were no significant differences between the groups in the rates of retinopathy of prematurity, intracranial hemorrhage, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or death or in the frequency of serious adverse events.
CONCLUSIONS
High-dose erythropoietin treatment administered to extremely preterm infants from 24 hours after birth through 32 weeks of postmenstrual age did not result in a lower risk of severe neurodevelopmental impairment or death at 2 years of age. (Funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; PENUT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01378273.).

Identifiants

pubmed: 31940698
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1907423
pmc: PMC7060076
mid: NIHMS1565143
doi:

Substances chimiques

Erythropoietin 11096-26-7

Banques de données

ClinicalTrials.gov
['NCT01378273']

Types de publication

Journal Article Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

233-243

Subventions

Organisme : NICHD NIH HHS
ID : P50 HD103524
Pays : United States
Organisme : NCATS NIH HHS
ID : UL1 TR002538
Pays : United States
Organisme : NINDS NIH HHS
ID : U01 NS077955
Pays : United States
Organisme : NINDS NIH HHS
ID : U01NS077953-01
Pays : United States
Organisme : NINDS NIH HHS
ID : U01NS077955
Pays : United States
Organisme : NINDS NIH HHS
ID : U01 NS077953
Pays : United States
Organisme : NINDS NIH HHS
ID : K08 NS096115
Pays : United States

Investigateurs

Billy Thomas (B)
Nahed Elhassan (N)
Sarah Mulkey (S)
Philip Dydynski (P)
Vivek K Vijayamadhavan (VK)
Neil Mulrooney (N)
Bradley Yoder (B)
Jordan S Kase (JS)
Jennifer Check (J)
Semsa Gogcu (S)
Erin Osterholm (E)
Sara Ramel (S)
Catherine Bendel (C)
Cheryl Gale (C)
Thomas George (T)
Michael Georgieff (M)
Tate Gisslen (T)
Sixto Guiang (S)
Anne Hall (A)
Dana Johnson (D)
Katie Pfister (K)
Heather Podgorski (H)
Kari Roberts (K)
Erin Stepka (E)
Melissa Engel (M)
Heidi Kamrath (H)
Johannah Scheurer (J)
Angela Hanson (A)
Katherine Satrom (K)
Susan Pfister (S)
Ann Simones (A)
Erin Plummer (E)
Elizabeth Zorn (E)
Camilia R Martin (CR)
Deirdre O'Reilly (D)
Nicolas Porta (N)
Catalina Bazacliu (C)
Jonathan Williams (J)
Dhanashree Rajderkar (D)
Frances Northington (F)
Raul Chavez Valdez (R)
Sandra Beauman (S)
Patel Saurabhkumar (P)
Magaly Diaz-Barbosa (M)
Arturo Serize (A)
Jorge Jordan (J)
Debbie Ott (D)
Ariana Franco Mora (A)
Pamela Hedrick (P)
Vicki Flynn (V)
Amy Silvia (A)
Bailey Clopp (B)
John B Feltner (JB)
Isabella Esposito (I)
Stephanie Hauge (S)
Samantha Nikirk (S)
Andrea Purnell (A)
Emilie Loy (E)
Natalie Sikes (N)
Melanie Mason (M)
Jana McConnell (J)
Tiffany Brown (T)
Henry Harrison (H)
Denise Pearson (D)
Tammy Drake (T)
Jocelyn Wright (J)
Debra Walden (D)
Annette Guy (A)
Jennifer Nason (J)
Morgan Talbot (M)
Kristen Lee (K)
Sarah Penny (S)
Terri Boles (T)
Melanie Drummond (M)
Katy Kohlleppel (K)
Charmaine Kathen (C)
Brian Kaletka (B)
Shania Gonzales (S)
Cathy Worwa (C)
Molly Fishe (M)
Tyler Richter (T)
Alexander Ginder (A)
Brixen Reich (B)
Carrie Rau (C)
Manndi Loertscher (M)
Laura Bledsoe (L)
Kandace McGrath (K)
Kimberlee Weaver Lewis (K)
Jill Burnett (J)
Susan Schaefer (S)
Karie Bird (K)
Clare Giblin (C)
Rita Daly (R)
Kristi Lanier (K)
Kelly Warden (K)
Jenna Wassenaar (J)
Jensina Ericksen (J)
Bridget Davern (B)
Mary Pat Osborne (MP)
Brittany Gregorich (B)
Neha Talele (N)
Evelyn Obregon (E)
Tiglath Ziyeh (T)
Molly Clarke (M)
Rachel E Wegner (RE)
Palak Patel (P)
Molly Schau (M)
Annamarie Russow (A)
Kelly Curry (K)
Susan Sinnamon (S)
Lisa Barnhart (L)
Charlamaine Parkinson (C)
Mary Hanson (M)
Elizabeth Kuan (E)
Conra Backstrom Lacy (C)
Edshelee M Galvis (EM)
Susana Bombino (S)
Denise Martinez (D)
Suzi Bell (S)
Corrie Long (C)
Cathy Longa (C)
Michael Westerveld (M)
Stacy McConkey (S)
Anne Hay (A)
Niranjana Natarajan (N)
Shari Gaudette (S)
Sarah Cobb (S)
Gregory Sharp (G)
Elizabeth Schumacher (E)
Leslie Schuschke (L)
Charlotte Frey (C)
Mario Fierro (M)
Lois Gilmore (L)
Pamela Lundequam (P)
Ronald Hoekstra (R)
Anastasia Ketko (A)
Nina Perdue (N)
Sean Cunningham (S)
Kelly Stout (K)
Becky Hall (B)
Galina Morshedzadeh (G)
Betsy Ostrander (B)
Sarah Winter (S)
Lauren Cox (L)
Matthew A Rainaldi (MA)
Sarah Hensley (S)
Melissa Morris (M)
Dia Roberts (D)
Melissa Tuttle (M)
Christopher Boys (C)
Solveig Hultgren (S)
Elizabeth I Pierpont (EI)
Nancy Fahim (N)
Tom George (T)
Kelly E King (KE)
Katherine Bataglia (K)
Cathy Neis (C)
Mark Bergeron (M)
Cristina Miller (C)
Cara Accomando (C)
Jennifer Anne Gavin (JA)
Elizabeth Maczek (E)
Susan Marakovitz (S)
Aimee Knorr (A)
Vincent C Smith (VC)
Jane E Stewart (JE)
Marie Weissbourd (M)
Raye-Ann deRegnier (RA)
Nana Matoba (N)
Shelly C Heaton (SC)
Erika M Cascio (EM)
Janet Brady (J)
Suman Ghosh (S)
Jessica Ditto (J)
Mary Leppert (M)
Jean Lowe (J)
Janell Fuller (J)
Tara DuPont (T)
Robin Ohls (R)
Pamela Kloska (P)
Saurabh Patel (S)
Lauren Carbonell (L)
Anna Maria Patino-Fernandez (AM)
Carmen de Lerma (C)
Kelly McDonough (K)
Maiana De Cortada (M)
Lacy Chavis (L)
Jane Shannon (J)
Bryan A Comstock (BA)
Patrick J Heagerty (PJ)
Mark A Konodi (MA)
Christopher Nefcy (C)
Phuong T Vu (PT)
Karl C K Kuban (KCK)
Jean R Lowe (JR)
T Michael O'Shea (TM)
Manjiri Dighe (M)
Todd Richards (T)
Dennis W W Shaw (DWW)
Colin Studholme (C)
Christopher M Traudt (CM)

Commentaires et corrections

Type : CommentIn

Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2020 Massachusetts Medical Society.

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Auteurs

Sandra E Juul (SE)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Bryan A Comstock (BA)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Rajan Wadhawan (R)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Dennis E Mayock (DE)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Sherry E Courtney (SE)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Tonya Robinson (T)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Kaashif A Ahmad (KA)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Ellen Bendel-Stenzel (E)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Mariana Baserga (M)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Edmund F LaGamma (EF)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

L Corbin Downey (LC)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Raghavendra Rao (R)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Nancy Fahim (N)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Andrea Lampland (A)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Ivan D Frantz (ID)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Janine Y Khan (JY)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Michael Weiss (M)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Maureen M Gilmore (MM)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Robin K Ohls (RK)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Nishant Srinivasan (N)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Jorge E Perez (JE)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Victor McKay (V)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Phuong T Vu (PT)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Jean Lowe (J)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Karl Kuban (K)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

T Michael O'Shea (TM)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Adam L Hartman (AL)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

Patrick J Heagerty (PJ)

From the University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.J., B.A.C., D.E.M., P.T.V., P.J.H.); Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando (R.W.), the University of Florida, Gainesville (M.W.), South Miami Hospital, South Miami (J.E.P.), and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg (V.M.) - all in Florida; the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (S.E.C.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (T.R.); Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, TX (K.A.A.); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota (E.B.-S.) and University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital (R.R., N.F.), Minneapolis, and Children's Minnesota, St. Paul (A.L.) - all in Minnesota; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.B.); Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY (E.F.L.); Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (L.C.D.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (T.M.O.) - both in North Carolina; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (I.D.F.) and Boston University (K.K.) - both in Boston; Prentice Women's Hospital (J.Y.K.) and Children's Hospital of the University of Illinois (N.S.) - both in Chicago; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.M.G.), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda (A.L.H.) - both in Maryland; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.K.O., J.L.).

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Humans Yoga Low Back Pain Female Male

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