The negative cofactor 2 complex is a key regulator of drug resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus.


Journal

Nature communications
ISSN: 2041-1723
Titre abrégé: Nat Commun
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101528555

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
22 01 2020
Historique:
received: 02 07 2019
accepted: 13 12 2019
entrez: 24 1 2020
pubmed: 24 1 2020
medline: 14 4 2020
Statut: epublish

Résumé

The frequency of antifungal resistance, particularly to the azole class of ergosterol biosynthetic inhibitors, is a growing global health problem. Survival rates for those infected with resistant isolates are exceptionally low. Beyond modification of the drug target, our understanding of the molecular basis of azole resistance in the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus is limited. We reasoned that clinically relevant antifungal resistance could derive from transcriptional rewiring, promoting drug resistance without concomitant reductions in pathogenicity. Here we report a genome-wide annotation of transcriptional regulators in A. fumigatus and construction of a library of 484 transcription factor null mutants. We identify 12 regulators that have a demonstrable role in itraconazole susceptibility and show that loss of the negative cofactor 2 complex leads to resistance, not only to the azoles but also the salvage therapeutics amphotericin B and terbinafine without significantly affecting pathogenicity.

Identifiants

pubmed: 31969561
doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-14191-1
pii: 10.1038/s41467-019-14191-1
pmc: PMC7194077
doi:

Substances chimiques

Antifungal Agents 0
Azoles 0
Fungal Proteins 0
Amphotericin B 7XU7A7DROE

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

427

Subventions

Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : R01 AI130128
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : R01 AI081838
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : R01 AI143198
Pays : United States
Organisme : Wellcome Trust
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MR/M02010X/1
Pays : United Kingdom

Références

Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections: Burden of Disease map. Available online: http://www.gaffi.org/why/burden-of-disease-maps/ (accessed 5th January 2019).
Brown, G. D. et al. Hidden killers: human fungal infections. Sci. Transl. Med. 4, 165rv113 (2012).
doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004404
Steinmann, J. et al. Emergence of azole-resistant invasive aspergillosis in HSCT recipients in Germany. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 70, 1522–1526 (2015).
pubmed: 25630644 doi: 10.1093/jac/dku566
Chowdhary, A. et al. Prevalence and mechanism of triazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus in a referral chest hospital in Delhi, India and an update of the situation in Asia. Front. Microbiol. 6, 428 (2015).
pubmed: 26005442 pmcid: 4424976 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00428
Parameswaran, K. et al. Unusual radiological presentation and rapid fatal progression of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in an immunocompetent young patient. Respirology 4, 287–290 (1999).
pubmed: 10489676 doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1843.1999.00192.x
Odds, F. C. et al. Antifungal agents: mechanisms of action. Trends Microbiol. 11, 272–279 (2003).
pubmed: 12823944 doi: 10.1016/S0966-842X(03)00117-3
van der Linden, J. W. et al. Prospective multicenter international surveillance of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 21, 1041–1044 (2015).
pubmed: 25988348 pmcid: 4451897 doi: 10.3201/eid2106.140717
Mavridou, E. et al. Composite survival index to compare virulence changes in azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus clinical isolates. PloS ONE 8, e72280 (2013).
pubmed: 23991080 pmcid: 3753310 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072280
Schillaci, D. et al. Pharmaceutical approaches to target antibiotic resistance mechanisms. J. Med. Chem. 60, 8268–8297 (2017).
pubmed: 28594170 doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00215
Chung, D. et al. ChIP-seq and in vivo transcriptome analyses of the Aspergillus fumigatus SREBP SrbA reveals a new regulator of the fungal hypoxia response and virulence. PLOS Pathog. 10, e1004487 (2014).
pubmed: 25375670 pmcid: 4223079 doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004487
Hagiwara, D. et al. A novel Zn2-Cys6 transcription factor AtrR plays a key role in an azole resistance mechanism of Aspergillus fumigatus by co-regulating cyp51A and cdr1B expressions. PLOS Pathog. 13, e1006096 (2017).
pubmed: 28052140 pmcid: 5215518 doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006096
Gsaller, F. et al. Sterol biosynthesis and azole tolerance is governed by the opposing actions of SrbA and the CCAAT binding complex. PLoS Pathog. 12, e1005775 (2016).
pubmed: 27438727 pmcid: 4954732 doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005775
Willger, S. D. et al. A sterol-regulatory element binding protein is required for cell polarity, hypoxia adaptation, azole drug resistance, and virulence in Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS Pathog. 4, e1000200 (2008).
pubmed: 18989462 pmcid: 2572145 doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000200
Blosser, S. J. & Cramer, R. A. SREBP-dependent triazole susceptibility in Aspergillus fumigatus is mediated through direct transcriptional regulation of erg11A (cyp51A). Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 56, 248–257 (2012).
doi: 10.1128/AAC.05027-11
Paul, S. et al. AtrR is an essential determinant of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. mBio 10, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02563-18 (2019).
Camps, S. M. et al. Discovery of a HapE mutation that causes azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus through whole genome sequencing and sexual crossing. PLoS ONE 7, e50034 (2012).
pubmed: 23226235 pmcid: 3511431 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050034
Schrettl, M. et al. HapX-mediated adaption to iron starvation is crucial for virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS Pathog. 6, e1001124 (2010).
pubmed: 20941352 pmcid: 2947994 doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001124
Patterson, T. F. et al. Executive summary: practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of aspergillosis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 63, 433–442 (2016).
pubmed: 27481947 pmcid: 4967611 doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw444
Rodriguez-Goncer, I., Niven, R. & Denning, D. W. Successful long-term terbinafine therapy in an asthmatic patient with Aspergillus sensitization and bronchiectasis. Med. Mycol. Case Rep. 16, 31–33 (2017).
pubmed: 28652961 pmcid: 5476298 doi: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2017.04.005
Kummerfeld, S. K. & Teichmann, S. A. DBD: a transcription factor prediction database. Nucleic Acids Res. 34, D74–81 (2006).
pubmed: 16381970 doi: 10.1093/nar/gkj131
Todd, R. B. et al. Prevalence of transcription factors in ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi. BMC Genomics 15, 214 (2014).
pubmed: 24650355 pmcid: 3998117 doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-214
Al Abdallah, Q. et al. A conserved C-terminal domain of the Aspergillus fumigatus developmental regulator MedA is required for nuclear localization, adhesion and virulence. PLoS ONE 7, e49959 (2012).
pubmed: 23185496 pmcid: 3503810 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049959
Bok, J. W. & Keller, N. P. LaeA, a regulator of secondary metabolism in Aspergillus spp. Eukaryot. Cell 3, 527–535 (2004).
pubmed: 15075281 pmcid: 387652 doi: 10.1128/EC.3.2.527-535.2004
Bok, J. W. et al. LaeA, a regulator of morphogenetic fungal virulence factors. Eukaryot. Cell 4, 1574–1582 (2005).
pubmed: 16151250 pmcid: 1214197 doi: 10.1128/EC.4.9.1574-1582.2005
Ninomiya, Y., Suzuki, K., Ishii, C. & Inoue, H. Highly efficient gene replacements in Neurospora strains deficient for nonhomologous end-joining. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 12248–12253 (2004).
pubmed: 15299145 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0402780101
Krappmann, S. et al. Gene targeting in Aspergillus fumigatus by homologous recombination is facilitated in a nonhomologous end- joining-deficient genetic background. Eukaryot. Cell 5, 212–215 (2006).
pubmed: 16400185 pmcid: 1360265 doi: 10.1128/EC.5.1.212-215.2006
da Silva Ferreira, M. E. et al. The akuB(KU80) mutant deficient for nonhomologous end joining is a powerful tool for analyzing pathogenicity in Aspergillus fumigatus. Eukaryot. Cell 5, 207–211 (2006).
pubmed: 16400184 pmcid: 1360264 doi: 10.1128/EC.5.1.207-211.2006
Mizutani, O. et al. A defect of LigD (human Lig4 homolog) for nonhomologous end joining significantly improves efficiency of gene-targeting in Aspergillus oryzae. Fungal Genet. Biol. 45, 878–889 (2008).
pubmed: 18282727 doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2007.12.010
Szewczyk, E. et al. Fusion PCR and gene targeting in Aspergillus nidulans. Nat. Protoc. 1, 3111–3120 (2007).
doi: 10.1038/nprot.2006.405
Fraczek, M. G. et al. The cdr1B efflux transporter is associated with non-cyp51a-mediated itraconazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68, 1486–1496 (2013).
pubmed: 23580559 doi: 10.1093/jac/dkt075
Yu, H. & Gerstein, M. Genomic analysis of the hierarchical structure of regulatory networks. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 14724–14731 (2006).
pubmed: 17003135 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0508637103
Arendrup, M. C., Cuenca-Estrella, M., Lass-Florl, C. & Hope, W. W. EUCAST technical note on Aspergillus and amphotericin B, itraconazole, and posaconazole. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 18, E248–250 (2012).
pubmed: 22540149 doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03890.x pmcid: 22540149
Beattie, S. R. et al. Filamentous fungal carbon catabolite repression supports metabolic plasticity and stress responses essential for disease progression. PLoS Pathog. 13, e1006340 (2017).
pubmed: 28423062 pmcid: 5411099 doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006340
Ries, L. N. A. et al. The Aspergillus fumigatus CrzA transcription factor activates chitin synthase gene expression during the caspofungin paradoxical effect. mBio 8, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00705-17 (2017).
Ramirez-Zavala, B. et al. SAGA/ADA complex subunit Ada2 is required for Cap1- but not Mrr1-mediated upregulation of the Candida albicans multidrug efflux pump MDR1. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58, 5102–5110 (2014).
pubmed: 24936593 pmcid: 4135829 doi: 10.1128/AAC.03065-14
Balciunas, D. & Ronne, H. Yeast genes GIS1-4: multicopy suppressors of the Gal- phenotype of snf1 mig1 srb8/10/11 cells. Mol. Gen. Genet. 262, 589–599 (1999).
pubmed: 10628841 doi: 10.1007/s004380051121
Hortschansky, P. et al. The CCAAT-binding complex (CBC) in Aspergillus species. Biochimica et. Biophysica Acta 1860, 560–570 (2017).
pubmed: 27939757 doi: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.11.008
Goppelt, A. & Meisterernst, M. Characterization of the basal inhibitor of class II transcription NC2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 4450–4455 (1996).
pubmed: 8948634 pmcid: 146262 doi: 10.1093/nar/24.22.4450
Cang, Y. & Prelich, G. Direct stimulation of transcription by negative cofactor 2 (NC2) through TATA-binding protein (TBP). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 12727–12732 (2002).
pubmed: 12237409 doi: 10.1073/pnas.202236699
Tuckwell, D. et al. A public resource for metabolic pathway mapping of Aspergillus fumigatus Af293. Med. Mycol. 49(Suppl 1), S114–119 (2011).
pubmed: 20507264 doi: 10.3109/13693786.2010.490243 pmcid: 20507264
Kimura, M. et al. Protostadienol synthase from Aspergillus fumigatus: functional conversion into lanosterol synthase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 391, 899–902 (2010).
pubmed: 19951700 doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.160 pmcid: 19951700
Haas, H. Fungal siderophore metabolism with a focus on Aspergillus fumigatus. Nat. Prod. Rep. 31, 1266–1276 (2014).
pubmed: 25140791 pmcid: 4162504 doi: 10.1039/C4NP00071D
Machanick, P. & Bailey, T. L. MEME-ChIP: motif analysis of large DNA datasets. Bioinformatics 27, 1696–1697 (2011).
pubmed: 21486936 pmcid: 3106185 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr189
Shukla, S. et al. Ncb2 is involved in activated transcription of CDR1 in azole-resistant clinical isolates of Candida albicans. Eukaryot. Cell 10, 1357–1366 (2011).
pubmed: 21856931 pmcid: 3187062 doi: 10.1128/EC.05041-11
Kamada, K. et al. Crystal structure of negative cofactor 2 recognizing the TBP-DNA transcription complex. Cell 106, 71–81 (2001).
pubmed: 11461703 doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00417-2
Mermelstein, F. et al. Requirement of a corepressor for Dr1-mediated repression of transcription. Genes Develop. 10, 1033–1048 (1996).
pubmed: 8608938 doi: 10.1101/gad.10.8.1033
Goppelt, A. et al. A mechanism for repression of class II gene transcription through specific binding of NC2 to TBP-promoter complexes via heterodimeric histone fold domains. EMBO J. 15, 3105–3116 (1996).
pubmed: 8670811 pmcid: 450253 doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00673.x
Paul, S. et al. Contributions of Aspergillus fumigatus ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins to drug resistance and virulence. Eukaryot. Cell 12, 1619–1628 (2013).
pubmed: 24123268 pmcid: 3889576 doi: 10.1128/EC.00171-13
Rocha, M. C. et al. The Aspergillus fumigatus pkcAG579R mutant is defective in the activation of the cell wall integrity pathway but is dispensable for virulence in a neutropenic mouse infection model. PLoS ONE 10, e0135195 (2015).
pubmed: 26295576 pmcid: 4546635 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135195
Valiante, V. et al. The mitogen-activated protein kinase MpkA of Aspergillus fumigatus regulates cell wall signaling and oxidative stress response. Fungal Genet. Biol. 45, 618–627 (2008).
pubmed: 17981060 doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2007.09.006
Giaever, G. et al. Functional profiling of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome. Nature 418, 387–391 (2002).
pubmed: 12140549 doi: 10.1038/nature00935
Vachon, L. et al. Functional characterization of fission yeast transcription factors by overexpression analysis. Genetics 194, 873–884 (2013).
pubmed: 23695302 pmcid: 3730917 doi: 10.1534/genetics.113.150870
Colot, H. V. et al. A high-throughput gene knockout procedure for Neurospora reveals functions for multiple transcription factors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 10352–10357 (2006).
pubmed: 16801547 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0601456103
Jung, K. W. et al. Systematic functional profiling of transcription factor networks in Cryptococcus neoformans. Nat. Commun. 6, 6757 (2015).
pubmed: 25849373 pmcid: 4391232 doi: 10.1038/ncomms7757
Homann, O. R. et al. A phenotypic profile of the Candida albicans regulatory network. PLoS Genet. 5, e1000783 (2009).
pubmed: 20041210 pmcid: 2790342 doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000783
Li, H. & Johnson, A. D. Evolution of transcription networks–lessons from yeasts. Curr. Biol. 20, R746–753 (2010).
pubmed: 20833319 pmcid: 3438143 doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.06.056
Gsaller, F. et al. Mechanistic basis of pH-dependent 5-flucytosine resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 62. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02593-17 (2018).
Yu, S. J. et al. Deletion of ADA2 increases antifungal drug susceptibility and virulence in Candida glabrata. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 62. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01924-17 (2018).
Kapitzky, L. et al. Cross-species chemogenomic profiling reveals evolutionarily conserved drug mode of action. Mol. Syst. Biol. 6, 451 (2010).
pubmed: 21179023 pmcid: 3018166 doi: 10.1038/msb.2010.107
Caza, M. et al. The zinc finger protein Mig1 regulates mitochondrial function and azole drug susceptibility in the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. mSphere 1 https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00080-15 (2016).
Inostroza, J. A. et al. Dr1, a TATA-binding protein-associated phosphoprotein and inhibitor of class II gene transcription. Cell 70, 477–489 (1992).
pubmed: 1339312 doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90172-9
Meisterernst, M. & Roeder, R. G. Family of proteins that interact with TFIID and regulate promoter activity. Cell 67, 557–567 (1991).
pubmed: 1934060 doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90530-C
Albert, T. K. et al. Global distribution of negative cofactor 2 subunit-alpha on human promoters. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 10000–10005 (2007).
pubmed: 17548813 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0703490104
van Werven, F. J. et al. Cooperative action of NC2 and Mot1p to regulate TATA-binding protein function across the genome. Genes Dev. 22, 2359–2369 (2008).
pubmed: 18703679 pmcid: 2532931 doi: 10.1101/gad.1682308
Gomez-Navarro, N. et al. Defects in the NC2 repressor affect both canonical and non-coding RNA polymerase II transcription initiation in yeast. BMC Genomics 17, 183 (2016).
pubmed: 26939779 pmcid: 4778323 doi: 10.1186/s12864-016-2536-2
Shariq, M. et al. The global regulator Ncb2 escapes from the core promoter and impacts transcription in response to drug stress in Candida albicans. Sci. Rep. 7, 46084 (2017).
pubmed: 28383050 pmcid: 5382705 doi: 10.1038/srep46084
Rybak, J. M. et al. Mutations in hmg1, challenging the paradigm of clinical triazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. mBio 10. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00437-19 (2019).
Kodedová, M. & Sychrová, H. Changes in the sterol composition of the plasma membrane affect membrane potential, salt tolerance and the activity of multidrug resistance pumps in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS ONE 10, e0139306 (2015).
pubmed: 26418026 pmcid: 4587746 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139306
Pasrija, R., Panwar, S. L. & Prasad, R. Multidrug transporters CaCdr1p and CaMdr1p of Candida albicans display different lipid specificities: both ergosterol and sphingolipids are essential for targeting of CaCdr1p to membrane rafts. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52, 694–704 (2008).
pubmed: 18056285 doi: 10.1128/AAC.00861-07
Geissel, B. et al. Azole-induced cell wall carbohydrate patches kill Aspergillus fumigatus. Nat. Commun. 9, 3098 (2018).
pubmed: 30082817 pmcid: 6078979 doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05497-7
Ryder, N. S. Terbinafine: mode of action and properties of the squalene epoxidase inhibition. Br. J. Dermatol. 126(Suppl 39), 2–7 (1992).
pubmed: 1543672 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1992.tb00001.x
Gray, K. C. et al. Amphotericin primarily kills yeast by simply binding ergosterol. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 2234–2239 (2012).
pubmed: 22308411 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1117280109
Bhattacharya, S., Esquivel, B. D. & White, T. C. Overexpression or deletion of ergosterol biosynthesis genes alters doubling time, response to stress agents, and drug susceptibility in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. mBio 9 https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01291-18 (2018).
Sanglard, D. et al. Candida albicans mutations in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway and resistance to several antifungal agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47, 2404–2412 (2003).
pubmed: 12878497 pmcid: 166068 doi: 10.1128/AAC.47.8.2404-2412.2003
Chamilos, G. & Kontoyiannis, D. P. Update on antifungal drug resistance mechanisms of Aspergillus fumigatus. Drug Resistance Updates: Rev. Commentaries Antimicrob. Anticancer Chemother. 8, 344–358 (2005).
doi: 10.1016/j.drup.2006.01.001
Liu, H. L. et al. The three fungal transmembrane nuclear pore complex proteins of Aspergillus nidulans are dispensable in the presence of an intact An-Nup84-120 complex. Mol. Biol. Cell 20, 616–630 (2009).
pubmed: 19019988 pmcid: 2626566 doi: 10.1091/mbc.e08-06-0628
Zhang, Y. et al. Model-based analysis of ChIP-Seq (MACS). Genome Biol. 9, R137 (2008).
pubmed: 18798982 pmcid: 2592715 doi: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-9-r137
Bailey, T. L. et al. MEME Suite: tools for motif discovery and searching. Nucleic Acids Res. 37, W202–W208 (2009).
pubmed: 19458158 pmcid: 2703892 doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp335
Quinlan, A. R. & Hall, I. M. BEDTools: a flexible suite of utilities for comparing genomic features. Bioinformatics 26, 841–842 (2010).
pubmed: 20110278 pmcid: 2832824 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq033
Anders, S. & Huber, W. Differential expression analysis for sequence count data. Genome Biol. 11, R106 (2010).
pubmed: 20979621 pmcid: 3218662 doi: 10.1186/gb-2010-11-10-r106
Priebe, S., Kreisel, C., Horn, F., Guthke, R. & Linde, J. FungiFun2: a comprehensive online resource for systematic analysis of gene lists from fungal species. Bioinformatics 31, 445–446 (2015).
pubmed: 25294921 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu627
Parker, J. E. et al. Prothioconazole and prothioconazole-desthio activities against Candida albicans sterol 14-alpha-demethylase. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79, 1639–1645 (2013).
pubmed: 23275516 pmcid: 3591943 doi: 10.1128/AEM.03246-12
O’Hanlon, K. A. et al. Targeted disruption of nonribosomal peptide synthetase pes3 augments the virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect. Immun. 79, 3978–3992 (2011).
pubmed: 21746855 pmcid: 3187245 doi: 10.1128/IAI.00192-11
MacDonald, A. S., Straw, A. D., Bauman, B. & Pearce, E. J. CD8- dendritic cell activation status plays an integral role in influencing Th2 response development. J. Immunol. 167, 1982–1988 (2001).
pubmed: 11489979 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.1982

Auteurs

Takanori Furukawa (T)

Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, CTF Building, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK.
Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.

Norman van Rhijn (N)

Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, CTF Building, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK.
Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.

Marcin Fraczek (M)

Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, CTF Building, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK.

Fabio Gsaller (F)

Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, CTF Building, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK.

Emma Davies (E)

Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, CTF Building, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK.

Paul Carr (P)

Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, CTF Building, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK.

Sara Gago (S)

Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, CTF Building, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK.
Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.

Rachael Fortune-Grant (R)

Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, CTF Building, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK.
Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.

Sayema Rahman (S)

Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, CTF Building, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK.
Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.

Jane Mabey Gilsenan (JM)

Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, CTF Building, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK.

Emma Houlder (E)

Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.

Caitlin H Kowalski (CH)

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03766, USA.

Shriya Raj (S)

Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Cedex 15, Paris, France.

Sanjoy Paul (S)

Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.

Peter Cook (P)

Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.

Josie E Parker (JE)

Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK.

Steve Kelly (S)

Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK.

Robert A Cramer (RA)

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03766, USA.

Jean-Paul Latgé (JP)

Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Cedex 15, Paris, France.

Scott Moye-Rowley (S)

Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.

Elaine Bignell (E)

Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, CTF Building, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK.
Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.

Paul Bowyer (P)

Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, CTF Building, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK. Paul.Bowyer@manchester.ac.uk.
Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK. Paul.Bowyer@manchester.ac.uk.

Michael J Bromley (MJ)

Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, CTF Building, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK. Mike.Bromley@manchester.ac.uk.
Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK. Mike.Bromley@manchester.ac.uk.

Articles similaires

Vancomycin Polyesters Anti-Bacterial Agents Models, Theoretical Drug Liberation
Biofilms Candida albicans Quorum Sensing Candida glabrata Menthol

Naturally derived 3-aminoquinuclidine salts as new promising therapeutic agents.

Doris Crnčević, Alma Ramić, Andreja Radman Kastelic et al.
1.00
Humans Microbial Sensitivity Tests Anti-Bacterial Agents Biofilms Quinuclidines
Humans Retrospective Studies Male Female Child

Classifications MeSH