Prospective cohort study of child mouthing of faeces and fomites in Dhaka, Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Program).


Journal

Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH
ISSN: 1365-3156
Titre abrégé: Trop Med Int Health
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9610576

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
08 2020
Historique:
pubmed: 15 5 2020
medline: 25 11 2020
entrez: 15 5 2020
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

To characterise childhood mouthing and handling behaviours and to assess the association between hand-to-object and object-to-mouth contacts and diarrhoea prevalence in young children in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh. A prospective cohort study was conducted among 494 children under 5 years of age in Dhaka, Bangladesh. This study was nested within the randomised controlled trial of the Cholera Hospital-Based Intervention for 7 Days (CHoBI7) mobile health (mHealth) program. The CHoBI7 mHealth program focuses on promoting handwashing with soap and water treatment to diarrhoea patients and their household members through mobile messages and a single in person visit. Mouthing and handling of faeces and fomites among young children was measured by five-hour structured observation and caregiver reports. Diarrhoea surveillance data was collected monthly for 12 months. Fifty five percent of caregivers reported that their child put a visibly dirty fomite (object or soil) in their mouth in the past week. Caregivers reported that 50% of children had mouthed visibly dirty objects, 26% had mouthed dirt, and 2% had mouthed faeces. Forty five percent of children were observed mouthing a visibly dirty fomite during structured observation, 40% of children were observed mouthing a visibly dirty object, 10% were observed mouthing soil, and one child (0.2%) was observed mouthing faeces. Mouthing of visibly dirty fomites was highest for children 12-18 months of age with 69% of these children having caregiver reports and 54% having observed events. Children with caregiver reports of mouthing faeces had a significantly higher odds of diarrhoea over the subsequent month (Odds Ratio: 4.54; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.06, 19.48). These findings demonstrate that mouthing of contaminated fomites among young children is frequent in urban environments in Bangladesh, and that mouthing faeces is associated with a significantly higher odds of diarrhoea. Interventions are urgently needed to protect young children from faecal pathogens in their play spaces. Caractériser les comportements de mâchouillement et de manipulation par les enfants et évaluer l'association entre les contacts main-objet et objet-bouche et la prévalence de la diarrhée chez les jeunes enfants dans la ville de Dhaka, au Bangladesh. MÉTHODES: Une étude de cohorte prospective a été menée auprès de 494 enfants de moins de 5 ans à Dhaka, au Bangladesh. Cette étude s'inscrivait dans le cadre de l'essai contrôlé randomisé du programme CHoBI7 (Cholera-Hospital-Based-Intervention-for-7-days) de santé mobile (mHealth. Le programme de santé mobile CHoBI7 se concentre sur la promotion du traitement de l’eau et du lavage des mains avec à l'eau et au savon aux patients atteints de diarrhée et aux membres de leur foyer par le biais de messages mobiles et de visites de face à face. Le mâchouillement et la manipulation des excréments et des fomites chez les jeunes enfants ont été mesurés par des observations structurées de cinq heures et par les rapports des personnes s’occupant d’enfants (soignants). Les données de surveillance de la diarrhée ont été recueillies chaque mois pendant 12 mois. RÉSULTATS: 55% des soignants ont déclaré que leur enfant avait mis un fomite visiblement sale (objet ou terre) dans sa bouche au cours de la semaine précédente. Les soignants ont indiqué que 50% des enfants avaient mâchouillé des objets visiblement sales, 26% avaient mâchouillé de la terre et 2% avaient mâchouillé des excréments. 45% des enfants ont été observés en train de mâchouiller un fomite visiblement sale au cours d'une observation structurée. 40% des enfants ont été observés en train de mâchouiller un objet, 10% ont été observés en train de mâchouiller de la terre et un enfant (0,2%) a été observé en train de mâchouiller des excréments. Le mâchouillement de fomites visiblement sales était le plus fréquent chez les enfants de 12 à 18 mois; 69% de ces enfants ont été signalés par les soignants et 54% ont été observés en train de le faire. Les enfants dont les soignants avaient signalé un mâchouillement d’excréments présentaient un risque de diarrhée nettement plus élevé au cours du mois suivant (rapport de cotes: 4,54; intervalle de confiance à 95%: 1,06-19,48). Ces résultats démontrent que le fait de mâchouiller des fomites contaminés chez les jeunes enfants est fréquent en milieu urbain au Bangladesh et que le fait de mâchouiller des excréments est associé à un risque de diarrhée nettement plus élevé. Des interventions sont urgemment nécessaires pour protéger les jeunes enfants des agents pathogènes fécaux dans leurs espaces de jeu.

Autres résumés

Type: Publisher (fre)
Caractériser les comportements de mâchouillement et de manipulation par les enfants et évaluer l'association entre les contacts main-objet et objet-bouche et la prévalence de la diarrhée chez les jeunes enfants dans la ville de Dhaka, au Bangladesh. MÉTHODES: Une étude de cohorte prospective a été menée auprès de 494 enfants de moins de 5 ans à Dhaka, au Bangladesh. Cette étude s'inscrivait dans le cadre de l'essai contrôlé randomisé du programme CHoBI7 (Cholera-Hospital-Based-Intervention-for-7-days) de santé mobile (mHealth. Le programme de santé mobile CHoBI7 se concentre sur la promotion du traitement de l’eau et du lavage des mains avec à l'eau et au savon aux patients atteints de diarrhée et aux membres de leur foyer par le biais de messages mobiles et de visites de face à face. Le mâchouillement et la manipulation des excréments et des fomites chez les jeunes enfants ont été mesurés par des observations structurées de cinq heures et par les rapports des personnes s’occupant d’enfants (soignants). Les données de surveillance de la diarrhée ont été recueillies chaque mois pendant 12 mois. RÉSULTATS: 55% des soignants ont déclaré que leur enfant avait mis un fomite visiblement sale (objet ou terre) dans sa bouche au cours de la semaine précédente. Les soignants ont indiqué que 50% des enfants avaient mâchouillé des objets visiblement sales, 26% avaient mâchouillé de la terre et 2% avaient mâchouillé des excréments. 45% des enfants ont été observés en train de mâchouiller un fomite visiblement sale au cours d'une observation structurée. 40% des enfants ont été observés en train de mâchouiller un objet, 10% ont été observés en train de mâchouiller de la terre et un enfant (0,2%) a été observé en train de mâchouiller des excréments. Le mâchouillement de fomites visiblement sales était le plus fréquent chez les enfants de 12 à 18 mois; 69% de ces enfants ont été signalés par les soignants et 54% ont été observés en train de le faire. Les enfants dont les soignants avaient signalé un mâchouillement d’excréments présentaient un risque de diarrhée nettement plus élevé au cours du mois suivant (rapport de cotes: 4,54; intervalle de confiance à 95%: 1,06-19,48).

Identifiants

pubmed: 32406964
doi: 10.1111/tmi.13413
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

976-984

Subventions

Organisme : USAID
Pays : International

Informations de copyright

© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Références

Collaborators GBDDD. Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Infect Dis 2017: 17: 909-948.
Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Blössner M, Black RE. Undernutrition as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles. Am J Clin Nutr 2004: 80: 193-198.
Moore SR, Lima NL, Soares AM et al. Prolonged episodes of acute diarrhea reduce growth and increase risk of persistent diarrhea in children. Gastroenterology 2010: 139: 1156-1164.
George CM, Burrowes V, Perin J et al. Enteric infections in young children are associated with environmental enteropathy and impaired growth. Trop Med Int Health 2018: 23: 26-33.
Campbell DI, Elia M, Lunn PG. Growth faltering in rural Gambian infants is associated with impaired small intestinal barrier function, leading to endotoxemia and systemic inflammation. J Nutr 2003: 133: 1332-1338.
Campbell DI, McPhail G, Lunn PG, Elia M, Jeffries DJ. Intestinal inflammation measured by fecal neopterin in Gambian children with enteropathy: association with growth failure, Giardia lamblia, and intestinal permeability. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004: 39: 153-157.
Goto R, Mascie-Taylor CG, Lunn PG. Impact of intestinal permeability, inflammation status and parasitic infections on infant growth faltering in rural Bangladesh. Br J Nutr 2009: 101: 1509-1516.
Kosek M, Haque R, Lima A et al. Fecal markers of intestinal inflammation and permeability associated with the subsequent acquisition of linear growth deficits in infants. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013: 88: 390-396.
Liu JR, Sheng XY, Hu YQ et al. Fecal calprotectin levels are higher in rural than in urban Chinese infants and negatively associated with growth. BMC Pediatr 2012: 12: 129.
Mondal D, Minak J, Alam M et al. Contribution of enteric infection, altered intestinal barrier function, and maternal malnutrition to infant malnutrition in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis 2012: 54: 185-192.
Panter-Brick C, Lunn PG, Langford RM, Maharjan M, Manandhar DS. Pathways leading to early growth faltering: an investigation into the importance of mucosal damage and immunostimulation in different socio-economic groups in Nepal. Br J Nutr 2009: 101: 558-567.
Weisz AJ, Manary MJ, Stephenson K et al. Abnormal gut integrity is associated with reduced linear growth in rural Malawian children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012: 55: 747-750.
Lunn PG, Northrop-Clewes CA, Downes RM. Intestinal permeability, mucosal injury, and growth faltering in Gambian infants. Lancet (London, England). 1991: 338: 907-910.
Lin A, Arnold BF, Afreen S et al. Household environmental conditions are associated with enteropathy and impaired growth in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013: 89(1): 130-137.
Kawata K. Water and other environmental interventions-the minimum investment concept. Am J Clin Nutr 1978: 31: 2114-2123.
Curtis V, Cairncross S, Yonli R. Domestic hygiene and diarrhoea - pinpointing the problem. Trop Med Int Health 2000: 5: 22-32.
Wagner EG, Lanoix JN. Excreta disposal for rural areas and small communities. Monogr Ser World Health Organ 1958: 39: 1-182.
Ruff HA, Dubiner K. Stability of individual differences in infants' manipulation and exploration of objects. Percept Mot Skills 1987: 64: 1095-1101.
Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA et al. Maternal and child undernutrition 1 - Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet 2008: 371: 243-260.
Moya J, Bearer CF, Etzel RA. Children's behavior and physiology and how it affects exposure to environmental contaminants. Pediatrics 2004: 113(4 Suppl): 996-1006.
Roldan WH, Cavero YA, Espinoza YA, Jimenez S, Gutierrez CA. Human toxocariasis: a seroepidemiological survey in the Amazonian city of Yurimaguas, Peru. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2010: 52: 37-42.
Saathoff E, Olsen A, Kvalsvig JD, Geissler PW. Geophagy and its association with geohelminth infection in rural schoolchildren from northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002: 96: 485-490.
Julian TR, MacDonald LH, Guo Y et al. Fecal indicator bacteria contamination of fomites and household demand for surface disinfection products: a case study from Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013: 89: 869-872.
Pickering AJ, Julian TR, Marks SJ et al. Fecal contamination and diarrheal pathogens on surfaces and in soils among Tanzanian households with and without improved sanitation. Environ Sci Technol 2012: 46: 5736-5743.
Vujcic J, Ram PK, Hussain F et al. Toys and toilets: cross-sectional study using children's toys to evaluate environmental faecal contamination in rural Bangladeshi households with different sanitation facilities and practices. Trop Med Int Health 2014: 19: 528-536.
Alonso JM, Bojanich MV, Chamorro M, Gorodner JO. Toxocara seroprevalence in children from a subtropical city in Argentina. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2000: 42: 235-237.
Cassenote AJ, Lima AR, Pinto Neto JM, Rubinsky-Elefant G. Seroprevalence and modifiable risk factors for Toxocara spp. Brazilian schoolchildren. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014: 8: e2830.
Geissler PW, Mwaniki D, Thiong F, Friis H. Geophagy as a risk factor for geohelminth infections: a longitudinal study of Kenyan primary schoolchildren. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1998: 92: 7-11.
Glickman LT, Camara AO, Glickman NW, McCabe GP. Nematode intestinal parasites of children in rural Guinea, Africa: prevalence and relationship to geophagia. Int J Epidemiol 1999: 28: 169-174.
Iddawela DR, Kumarasiri PV, de Wijesundera MS. A seroepidemiological study of toxocariasis and risk factors for infection in children in Sri Lanka. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2003: 34: 7-15.
Julian TR, Canales RA, Leckie JO, Boehm AB. A model of exposure to rotavirus from nondietary ingestion iterated by simulated intermittent contacts. Risk Anal 2009: 29: 617-632.
Manini MP, Marchioro AA, Colli CM, Nishi L, Falavigna-Guilherme AL. Association between contamination of public squares and seropositivity for Toxocara spp. in children. Vet Parasitol 2012: 188: 48-52.
Shivoga WA, Moturi WN. Geophagia as a risk factor for diarrhoea. J Infect Dev Ctries 2009: 3: 94-98.
Yentur Doni N, Gurses G, Simsek Z, Yildiz Zeyrek F. Prevalence and associated risk factors of intestinal parasites among children of farm workers in the southeastern Anatolian region of Turkey. Ann Agric Environ Med 2015: 22: 438-442.
George CM, Oldja L, Biswas S et al. Geophagy is associated with environmental enteropathy and stunting in children in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015: 92: 1117-1124.
Morita T, Perin J, Oldja L et al. Mouthing of soil contaminated objects is associated with environmental enteropathy in young children. Trop Med Int Health 2017: 22: 670-678.
Perin J, Thomas A, Oldja L et al. Geophagy Is Associated with Growth Faltering in Children in Rural Bangladesh. J Pediatr 2016: 178: e1.
George CM, Zohura F, Teman A et al. Formative research for the design of a scalable water, sanitation, and hygiene mobile health program: CHoBI7 mobile health program. BMC Public Health 2019: 19: 1028.
Bauza V, Byrne DM, Trimmer JT et al. Child soil ingestion in rural Ghana - frequency, caregiver perceptions, relationship with household floor material and associations with child diarrhoea. Trop Med Int Health 2018: 23: 558-569.
Kwong LH, Ercumen A, Pickering AJ, Unicomb L, Davis J, Luby SP. Age-related changes to environmental exposure: variation in the frequency that young children place hands and objects in their mouths. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2019: 30: 205-216.
Black K, Shalat SL, Freeman NCG, Jimenez M, Donnelly KC, Calvin JA. Children's mouthing and food-handling behavior in an agricultural community on the US/Mexico border. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2005: 15: 244-251.
Tsou M-C, Özkaynak H, Beamer P et al. Mouthing activity data for children aged 7 to 35 months in Taiwan. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2015: 25: 388-398.
Yeager BA, Lanata CF, Lazo F, Verastegui H, Black RE. Transmission factors and socioeconomic status as determinants of diarrhoeal incidence in Lima. Peru. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1991: 9: 186-193.
Bauza V, Ocharo RM, Nguyen TH, Guest JS. Soil ingestion is associated with child diarrhea in an urban slum of Nairobi, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017: 96: 569-575.

Auteurs

Tahmina Parvin (T)

International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Ismat Minhaj Uddin (I)

International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Md Sazzadul Islam Bhuyian (MS)

International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Ronald Saxton (R)

Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Fatema Zohura (F)

International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Marzia Sultana (M)

International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Fatema-Tuz Johura (FT)

International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Shirajum Monira (S)

International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Md Tasdik Hasan (MT)

International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.

Nowshin Papri (N)

International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Md Ahshanul Haque (MA)

International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Shwapon K Biswas (SK)

International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Rangpur Medical College and Hospital, Rangpur, Bangladesh.

David A Sack (DA)

Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Jamie Perin (J)

Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Munirul Alam (M)

International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Christine Marie George (CM)

International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Articles similaires

[Redispensing of expensive oral anticancer medicines: a practical application].

Lisanne N van Merendonk, Kübra Akgöl, Bastiaan Nuijen
1.00
Humans Antineoplastic Agents Administration, Oral Drug Costs Counterfeit Drugs

Smoking Cessation and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Jun Hwan Cho, Seung Yong Shin, Hoseob Kim et al.
1.00
Humans Male Smoking Cessation Cardiovascular Diseases Female
Humans United States Aged Cross-Sectional Studies Medicare Part C
1.00
Humans Yoga Low Back Pain Female Male

Classifications MeSH