Permafrost nitrogen status and its determinants on the Tibetan Plateau.
climate warming
frozen nitrogen
nitrogen availability
nitrogen cycle
nitrogen transformation rates
permafrost thaw
Journal
Global change biology
ISSN: 1365-2486
Titre abrégé: Glob Chang Biol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9888746
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Sep 2020
Sep 2020
Historique:
received:
11
09
2019
revised:
27
05
2020
accepted:
29
05
2020
pubmed:
9
6
2020
medline:
30
1
2021
entrez:
8
6
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
It had been suggested that permafrost thaw could promote frozen nitrogen (N) release and modify microbial N transformation rates, which might alter soil N availability and then regulate ecosystem functions. However, the current understanding of this issue is confined to limited observations in the Arctic permafrost region, without any systematic measurements in other permafrost regions. Based on a large-scale field investigation along a 1,000 km transect and a laboratory incubation experiment with a
Substances chimiques
Soil
0
Nitrogen
N762921K75
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
5290-5302Subventions
Organisme : National Natural Science Foundation of China
ID : 31825006
Organisme : National Natural Science Foundation of China
ID : 31988102
Organisme : National Natural Science Foundation of China
ID : 91837312
Organisme : Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research
ID : 2019QZKK0106
Organisme : Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research
ID : 2019QZKK0302
Organisme : Chinese Academy of Sciences
ID : QYZDB-SSW-SMC049
Informations de copyright
© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Références
Aalto, J., Karjalainen, O., Hjort, J., & Luoto, M. (2018). Statistical forecasting of current and future circum-Arctic ground temperatures and active layer thickness. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(10), 4889-4898. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078007
Anderson, D. M., & Tice, A. R. (1972). Predicting unfrozen water contents in frozen soils from surface area measurements. Highway Research Record, 393, 12-18.
Bates, D., Mäechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
Beermann, F., Langer, M., Wetterich, S., Strauss, J., Boike, J., Fiencke, C., … Kutzbach, L. (2017). Permafrost thaw and liberation of inorganic nitrogen in eastern Siberia. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 28(4), 605-618. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1958
Biskaborn, B. K., Smith, S. L., Noetzli, J., Matthes, H., Vieira, G., Streletskiy, D. A., … Lantuit, H. (2019). Permafrost is warming at a global scale. Nature Communications, 10, 264. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08240-4
Bonde, T. A., Schnürer, J., & Rosswall, T. (1988). Microbial biomass as a fraction of potentially mineralizable nitrogen in soils from long-term field experiments. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 20, 447-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(88)90056-9
Booth, M. S., Stark, J. M., & Rastetter, E. (2005). Controls on nitrogen cycling in terrestrial ecosystems: A synthetic analysis of literature data. Ecological Monographs, 75(2), 139-157. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0988
Bossio, D. A., & Scow, K. M. (1998). Impacts of carbon and flooding on soil microbial communities: Phospholipid fatty acid profiles and substrate utilization patterns. Microbial Ecology, 35, 265-278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002489900082
Boyle, S. A., Yarwood, R. R., Bottomley, P. J., & Myrold, D. D. (2008). Bacterial and fungal contributions to soil nitrogen cycling under Douglas fir and red alder at two sites in Oregon. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 40, 443-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.09.007
Burnham, K. P., & Anderson, D. R. (2002). Model selection and multimodel inference: A practical information-theoretic approach. New York, NY: Springer.
Burns, R. G., DeForest, J. L., Marxsen, J., Sinsabaugh, R. L., Stromberger, M. E., Wallenstein, M. D., … Zoppini, A. (2013). Soil enzymes in a changing environment: Current knowledge and future directions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 58, 216-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.11.009
Chadburn, S. E., Burke, E. J., Cox, P. M., Friedlingstein, P., Hugelius, G., & Westermann, S. (2017). An observation-based constraint on permafrost loss as a function of global warming. Nature Climate Change, 7, 340-345. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3262
Chen, L., Liang, J., Qin, S., Liu, L. I., Fang, K., Xu, Y., … Yang, Y. (2016). Determinants of carbon release from the active layer and permafrost deposits on the Tibetan Plateau. Nature Communications, 7, 13046. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13046
Chen, L., Liu, L. I., Mao, C., Qin, S., Wang, J., Liu, F., … Yang, Y. (2018). Nitrogen availability regulates topsoil carbon dynamics after permafrost thaw by altering microbial metabolic efficiency. Nature Communications, 9, 3951. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06232-y
Cheng, G., & Wu, T. (2007). Responses of permafrost to climate change and their environmental significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 112, F02S03. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000631
Dannenmann, M., Gasche, R., Ledebuhr, A., & Papen, H. (2006). Effects of forest management on soil N cycling in beech forests stocking on calcareous soils. Plant and Soil, 287, 279-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-9077-4
Davidson, E. A., Hart, S. C., Shanks, C. A., & Firestone, M. K. (1991). Measuring gross nitrogen mineralization, immobilization, and nitrification by 15N isotopic pool dilution in intact soil cores. Journal of Soil Science, 42, 335-349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1991.tb00413.x
Davidson, E. A., Samanta, S., Caramori, S. S., & Savage, K. (2012). The Dual Arrhenius and Michaelis-Menten kinetics model for decomposition of soil organic matter at hourly to seasonal time scales. Global Change Biology, 18(1), 371-384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02546.x
Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Maestre, F. T., Gallardo, A., Bowker, M. A., Wallenstein, M. D., Quero, J. L., … Zaady, E. (2013). Decoupling of soil nutrient cycles as a function of aridity in global drylands. Nature, 502, 672-676. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12670
Ding, J., Chen, L., Zhang, B., Liu, L., Yang, G., Fang, K., … Yang, Y. (2016). Linking temperature sensitivity of soil CO2 release to substrate, environmental, and microbial properties across alpine ecosystems. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 30(9), 1310-1323. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005333
Dormann, C. F., Elith, J., Bacher, S., Buchmann, C., Carl, G., Carré, G., … Lautenbach, S. (2013). Collinearity: A review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance. Ecography, 36(1), 27-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07348.x
Elberling, B. O., Michelsen, A., Schädel, C., Schuur, E. A. G., Christiansen, H. H., Berg, L., … Sigsgaard, C. (2013). Long-term CO2 production following permafrost thaw. Nature Climate Change, 3, 890-894. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1955
Finger, R. A., Turetsky, M. R., Kielland, K., Ruess, R. W., Mack, M. C., & Euskirchen, E. S. (2016). Effects of permafrost thaw on nitrogen availability and plant-soil interactions in a boreal Alaskan lowland. Journal of Ecology, 104(6), 1542-1554. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12639
Harden, J. W., Koven, C. D., Ping, C.-L., Hugelius, G., David McGuire, A., Camill, P., … Grosse, G. (2012). Field information links permafrost carbon to physical vulnerabilities of thawing. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, L15704. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051958
Harms, T. K., & Jones Jr., J. B. (2012). Thaw depth determines reaction and transport of inorganic nitrogen in valley bottom permafrost soils: Nitrogen cycling in permafrost soils. Global Change Biology, 18(9), 2958-2968. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02731.x
Hart, S. C., Stark, J. M., Davidson, E. A., & Firestone, M. K. (1994). Nitrogen mineralization, immobilization, and nitrification. Methods of soil analysis. Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America.
Hernández, D. L., & Hobbie, S. E. (2010). The effects of substrate composition, quantity, and diversity on microbial activity. Plant and Soil, 335, 397-411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0428-9
Hu, G., Zhao, L., Li, R., Wu, X., Wu, T., Xie, C., … Su, Y. (2019). Variations in soil temperature from 1980 to 2015 in permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau based on observed and reanalysis products. Geoderma, 337, 893-905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.10.044
Immerzeel, W. W., Van Beek, L. P. H., & Bierkens, M. F. P. (2010). Climate change will affect the Asian water towers. Science, 328(5984), 1382-1385. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1183188
IUSS Working Group WRB. (2014). World reference base for soil resources 2014. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. World Soil Resources reports no. 106. Rome, Italy: FAO.
Iversen, C. M., Sloan, V. L., Sullivan, P. F., Euskirchen, E. S., McGuire, A. D., Norby, R. J., … Wullschleger, S. D. (2015). The unseen iceberg: Plant roots in arctic tundra. New Phytologist, 205(1), 34-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13003
Jansson, J. K., & Taş, N. (2014). The microbial ecology of permafrost. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 12, 414-425. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3262
Jin, H., Chang, X., & Wang, S. (2007). Evolution of permafrost on the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau since the end of the late Pleistocene. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 112, F02S09. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000521
Keuper, F., Dorrepaal, E., van Bodegom, P. M., Van, L. R., Venhuizen, G., Van, H. J., & Aerts, R. (2017). Experimentally increased nutrient availability at the permafrost thaw front selectively enhances biomass production of deep-rooting subarctic peatland species. Global Change Biology, 23(10), 4257-4266. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13804
Keuper, F., van Bodegom, P. M., Dorrepaal, E., Weedon, J. T., van Hal, J., van Logtestijn, R. S. P., & Aerts, R. (2012). A frozen feast: Thawing permafrost increases plant-available nitrogen in subarctic peatlands. Global Change Biology, 18(6), 1998-2007. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02663.x
Kirkham, D., & Bartholomew, W. V. (1954). Equations for following nutrient transformations in soil, utilizing tracer data. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 18(1), 33-34. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1954.03615995001800010009x
Kooijman, A., Bloem, J., van Dalen, B., & Kalbitz, K. (2016). Differences in activity and N demand between bacteria and fungi in a microcosm incubation experiment with selective inhibition. Applied Soil Ecology, 99, 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.11.011
Kou, D., Ding, J., Li, F., Wei, N., Fang, K., Yang, G., … Yang, Y. (2019). Spatially-explicit estimate of soil nitrogen stock and its implication for land model across Tibetan alpine permafrost region. Science of the Total Environment, 650, 1795-1804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.252
Kou, D., Peng, Y., Wang, G., Ding, J., Chen, Y., Yang, G., … Yang, Y. (2018). Diverse responses of belowground internal nitrogen cycling to increasing aridity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 116, 189-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.10.010
Levy-Booth, D. J., Prescott, C. E., & Grayston, S. J. (2014). Microbial functional genes involved in nitrogen fixation, nitrification and denitrification in forest ecosystems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 75, 11-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.03.021
Li, R., Zhao, L., Ding, Y. J., Wu, T. H., Xiao, Y., Du, E. J., … Qiao, Y. P. (2012). Temporal and spatial variations of the active layer along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway in a permafrost region. Chinese Science Bulletin, 57, 4609-4616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5323-8
Li, Z., Tian, D., Wang, B., Wang, J., Wang, S., Chen, H. Y. H., … Niu, S. (2019). Microbes drive global soil nitrogen mineralization and availability. Global Change Biology, 25(3), 1078-1088. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14557
Liu, F., Kou, D., Abbott, B. W., Mao, C., Chen, Y., Chen, L., & Yang, Y. (2019). Disentangling the effects of climate, vegetation, soil and related substrate properties on the biodegradability of permafrost-derived dissolved organic carbon. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 124(11), 3377-3389. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004944
Mackelprang, R., Waldrop, M. P., DeAngelis, K. M., David, M. M., Chavarria, K. L., Blazewicz, S. J., … Jansson, J. K. (2011). Metagenomic analysis of a permafrost microbial community reveals a rapid response to thaw. Nature, 480, 368-371. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10576
Mader, H. M., Pettitt, M. E., Wadham, J. L., Wolff, E. W., & Parkes, R. J. (2006). Subsurface ice as a microbial habitat. Geology, 34(3), 169-172. https://doi.org/10.1130/G22096.1
Maestre, F. T., Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Jeffries, T. C., Eldridge, D. J., Ochoa, V., Gozalo, B., … Singh, B. K. (2015). Increasing aridity reduces soil microbial diversity and abundance in global drylands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(51), 15684-15689. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516684112
Mao, C., Kou, D., Wang, G., Peng, Y., Yang, G., Liu, F., … Yang, Y. (2019). Trajectory of topsoil nitrogen transformations along a thermo-erosion gully on the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 124(5), 1342-1354. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004805
Mikha, M. M., Rice, C. W., & Milliken, G. A. (2005). Carbon and nitrogen mineralization as affected by drying and wetting cycles. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37, 339-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.08.003
Mu, C., Zhang, T., Wu, Q., Cao, B., Zhang, X., Peng, X., … Cheng, G. (2015). Carbon and nitrogen properties of permafrost over the Eboling Mountain in the upper reach of Heihe River basin, northwestern China. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 47(2), 203-211. https://doi.org/10.1657/AAAR00C-13-095
Mykytczuk, N. C. S., Foote, S. J., Omelon, C. R., Southam, G., Greer, C. W., & Whyte, L. G. (2013). Bacterial growth at −15°C; molecular insights from the permafrost bacterium Planococcus halocryophilus Or1. The ISME Journal, 7, 1211-1226. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2013.8
Ouyang, Y., Norton, J. M., & Stark, J. M. (2017). Ammonium availability and temperature control contributions of ammonia oxidizing bacteria and archaea to nitrification in an agricultural soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 113, 161-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.06.010
R Development Core Team. (2017). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Ran, Y., Li, X., & Cheng, G. (2018). Climate warming over the past half century has led to thermal degradation of permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The Cryosphere, 12, 595-608. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-595-2018
Reid, M. A., Ogden, R., & Thoms, M. C. (2011). The influence of flood frequency, geomorphic setting and grazing on plant communities and plant biomass on a large dryland floodplain. Journal of Arid Environments, 75(9), 815-826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.03.014
Saiya-Cork, K. R., Sinsabaugh, R. L., & Zak, D. R. (2002). The effects of long term nitrogen deposition on extracellular enzyme activity in an Acer saccharum forest soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 34, 1309-1315. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00074-3
Salmon, V. G., Schädel, C., Bracho, R., Pegoraro, E., Celis, G., Mauritz, M., … Schuur, E. A. G. (2018). Adding depth to our understanding of nitrogen dynamics in permafrost soils. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 123(8), 2497-2512. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004518
Salmon, V. G., Soucy, P., Mauritz, M., Celis, G., Natali, S. M., Mack, M. C., & Schuur, E. A. G. (2016). Nitrogen availability increases in a tundra ecosystem during five years of experimental permafrost thaw. Global Change Biology, 22(5), 1927-1941. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13204
Schimel, J. P., & Bennett, J. (2004). Nitrogen mineralization: Challenges of a changing paradigm. Ecology, 85(3), 591-602. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-8002
Sepaskhah, A. R., Tabarzad, A., & Fooladmand, H. R. (2010). Physical and empirical models for estimation of specific surface area of soils. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 56(3), 325-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340903099676
Strickland, M. S., & Rousk, J. (2010). Considering fungal:bacterial dominance in soils - Methods, controls, and ecosystem implications. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 42, 1385-1395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.05.007
Treat, C. C., Wollheim, W. M., Varner, R. K., Grandy, A. S., Talbot, J., & Frolking, S. (2014). Temperature and peat type control CO2 and CH4 production in Alaskan permafrost peats. Global Change Biology, 20(8), 2674-2686. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12572
USDA. (1999). Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Agriculture handbook no. 436 (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Verhamme, D. T., Prosser, J. I., & Nicol, G. W. (2011). Ammonia concentration determines differential growth of ammonia-oxidising archaea and bacteria in soil microcosms. The ISME Journal, 5, 1067-1071. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2010.191
Voigt, C., Marushchak, M. E., Lamprecht, R. E., Jackowicz-Korczyński, M., Lindgren, A., Mastepanov, M., … Biasi, C. (2017). Increased nitrous oxide emissions from Arctic peatlands after permafrost thaw. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(24), 6238-6243. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702902114
Vonk, J. E., Tank, S. E., Bowden, W. B., Laurion, I., Vincent, W. F., Alekseychik, P., … Wickland, K. P. (2015). Reviews and syntheses: Effects of permafrost thaw on Arctic aquatic ecosystems. Biogeosciences, 12, 7129-7167. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7129-2015
Waldrop, M. P., Wickland, K. P., White III, R., Berhe, A. A., Harden, J. W., & Romanovsky, V. E. (2010). Molecular investigations into a globally important carbon pool: Permafrost-protected carbon in Alaskan soils. Global Change Biology, 16(9), 2543-2554. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02141.x
Wang, B., & French, H. (1995). Permafrost on the Tibet Plateau, China. Quaternary Science Reviews, 14(3), 255-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(95)00006-B
Wang, J., Wang, L., Feng, X., Hu, H., Cai, Z., Müller, C., & Zhang, J. (2016). Soil N transformations and its controlling factors in temperate grasslands in China: A study from 15N tracing experiment to literature synthesis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 121(12), 2949-2959. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003533
Wang, W., Ma, Y., Xu, J., Wang, H., Zhu, J., & Zhou, H. (2012). The uptake diversity of soil nitrogen nutrients by main plant species in Kobresia humilis alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Science China Earth Sciences, 55, 1688-1695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-012-4461-9
Wickland, K. P., Waldrop, M. P., Aiken, G. R., Koch, J. C., Jorgenson, M. T., & Striegl, R. G. (2018). Dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen release from boreal Holocene permafrost and seasonally frozen soils of Alaska. Environmental Research Letters, 13, 065011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aac4ad
Wild, B., Schnecker, J., Bárta, J., Čapek, P., Guggenberger, G., Hofhansl, F., … Richter, A. (2013). Nitrogen dynamics in Turbic Cryosols from Siberia and Greenland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 67, 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.08.004
Woo, M. (2012). Permafrost hydrology. New York, NY: Springer.
Xu, X., Ouyang, H., Richter, A., Wanek, W., Cao, G., & Kuzyakov, Y. (2011). Spatio-temporal variations determine plant-microbe competition for inorganic nitrogen in an alpine meadow. Journal of Ecology, 99(2), 563-571. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01789.x
Yang, G., Peng, Y., Marushchak, M. E., Chen, Y., Wang, G., Li, F., … Yang, Y. (2018). Magnitude and pathways of increased nitrous oxide emissions from uplands following permafrost thaw. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(16), 9162-9169. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02271
Yang, M., Nelson, F. E., Shiklomanov, N. I., Guo, D., & Wan, G. (2010). Permafrost degradation and its environmental effects on the Tibetan Plateau: A review of recent research. Earth-Science Reviews, 103(1-2), 31-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.002
Yang, Y., Fang, J., Ji, C., & Han, W. (2009). Above- and belowground biomass allocation in Tibetan grasslands. Journal of Vegetation Science, 20(1), 177-184. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.05566.x
Yang, Y., Ma, W., Mohammat, A., & Fang, J. (2007). Storage, patterns and controls of soil nitrogen in China. Pedosphere, 17(6), 776-785. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(07)60093-9
Zhang, J., Wang, J. T., Chen, W., Li, B., & Zhao, K. (1988). Vegetation of Xizang (Tibet). Beijing, China: Science Press.
Zhang, P., Wen, T., Zhang, J., & Cai, Z. (2017). On improving the diffusion method for determination of δ15N- NH4+ and δ15N- NO3- in soil extracts. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 54(4), 948-957. https://doi.org/10.11766/trxb201611250485
Zhang, T., Barry, R. G., Knowles, K., Heginbottom, J. A., & Brown, J. (1999). Statistics and characteristics of permafrost and ground-ice distribution in the Northern Hemisphere. Polar Geography, 23(2), 132-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/10889379909377670
Zhang, Z., Wu, Q., Jiang, G., Gao, S., Chen, J., & Liu, Y. (2020). Changes in the permafrost temperatures from 2003 to 2015 in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 169, 102904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102904
Zhao, L., & Sheng, Y. (2019). Permafrost and its changes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Beijing, China: Science Press.
Zhou, Y., Guo, D., Qiu, G., Cheng, G., & Li, S. (2000). Geocryology in China. Beijing, China: Science Press.