Early ambulation after general and digestive surgery: a retrospective single-center study.

Postoperative early ambulation contributes to the improvement of postoperative outcomes; however, the definition of "early" ambulation is unclear. In this study, we aimed to define desirable "early" ambulation after digestive surgery in terms of short-term outcomes and to identify the risk factors for delayed ambulation. We retrospectively analyzed 718 patients who underwent major digestive surgery between January 2016 and May 2019 in our hospital. The timing of first ambulation after surgery was reviewed and correlated with short-term postoperative outcomes and perioperative patient characteristics. Of 718 patients, 55% underwent first ambulation at postoperative day (POD) 1, 31% at POD 2, and the remaining patients at POD 3 or later. Whereas short-term outcomes were equivalent among patients with first ambulation at POD 1 and those at POD 2, patients who delayed ambulation until POD 3 or after had an increased incidence of infectious complications (P = 0.004), longer hospitalization (P < 0.001), and a decreased home discharge rate (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that significant predictors of delayed ambulation (POD ≥ 3) were poor Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG-PS), low controlling nutritional status (CONUT), nonlaparoscopic surgery, and transvenous opioid use. Of these factors, the combination of ECOG-PS, CONUT, and nonlaparoscopic surgery clearly stratified patients into four-grade risk groups regarding delayed ambulation (P for trend < 0.001). Our results suggest that first ambulation before POD 2 could be desirable for better short-term outcomes. Active preoperative intervention, such as nutritional care and prehabilitation, in patients with multiple risk factors for delayed ambulation could improve the postoperative course.