Overview of Immune Response During SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Lessons From the Past.
Animals
Antigen Presentation
/ immunology
Antiviral Agents
/ therapeutic use
Betacoronavirus
/ chemistry
COVID-19
Coronavirus Infections
/ drug therapy
Cytokines
/ biosynthesis
Genome, Viral
Humans
Immune Evasion
Immunization, Passive
/ methods
Mice
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
/ chemistry
Pandemics
Phylogeny
Pneumonia, Viral
/ drug therapy
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
/ chemistry
SARS-CoV-2
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
/ drug therapy
T-Lymphocytes
/ immunology
Virus Replication
COVID-19
HLA
MHC presentation
T cells
coronavirus
immune response
memory T cell
Journal
Frontiers in immunology
ISSN: 1664-3224
Titre abrégé: Front Immunol
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101560960
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2020
2020
Historique:
received:
18
04
2020
accepted:
20
07
2020
entrez:
28
8
2020
pubmed:
28
8
2020
medline:
22
9
2020
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
After the 1918 flu pandemic, the world is again facing a similar situation. However, the advancement in medical science has made it possible to identify that the novel infectious agent is from the coronavirus family. Rapid genome sequencing by various groups helped in identifying the structure and function of the virus, its immunogenicity in diverse populations, and potential preventive measures. Coronavirus attacks the respiratory system, causing pneumonia and lymphopenia in infected individuals. Viral components like spike and nucleocapsid proteins trigger an immune response in the host to eliminate the virus. These viral antigens can be either recognized by the B cells or presented by MHC complexes to the T cells, resulting in antibody production, increased cytokine secretion, and cytolytic activity in the acute phase of infection. Genetic polymorphism in MHC enables it to present some of the T cell epitopes very well over the other MHC alleles. The association of MHC alleles and its downregulated expression has been correlated with disease severity against influenza and coronaviruses. Studies have reported that infected individuals can, after recovery, induce strong protective responses by generating a memory T-cell pool against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. These memory T cells were not persistent in the long term and, upon reactivation, caused local damage due to cross-reactivity. So far, the reports suggest that SARS-CoV-2, which is highly contagious, shows related symptoms in three different stages and develops an exhaustive T-cell pool at higher loads of viral infection. As there are no specific treatments available for this novel coronavirus, numerous small molecular drugs that are being used for the treatment of diseases like SARS, MERS, HIV, ebola, malaria, and tuberculosis are being given to COVID-19 patients, and clinical trials for many such drugs have already begun. A classical immunotherapy of convalescent plasma transfusion from recovered patients has also been initiated for the neutralization of viremia in terminally ill COVID-19 patients. Due to the limitations of plasma transfusion, researchers are now focusing on developing neutralizing antibodies against virus particles along with immuno-modulation of cytokines like IL-6, Type I interferons (IFNs), and TNF-α that could help in combating the infection. This review highlights the similarities of the coronaviruses that caused SARS and MERS to the novel SARS-CoV-2 in relation to their pathogenicity and immunogenicity and also focuses on various treatment strategies that could be employed for curing COVID-19.
Identifiants
pubmed: 32849654
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01949
pmc: PMC7426442
doi:
Substances chimiques
Antiviral Agents
0
Cytokines
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1949Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2020 Shah, Firmal, Alam, Ganguly and Chattopadhyay.
Références
Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 May;20(5):565-574
pubmed: 32213337
Ann Thorac Med. 2016 Jul-Sep;11(3):211-3
pubmed: 27512511
J Virol. 2010 Sep;84(18):9318-25
pubmed: 20610717
BMJ. 2003 Jun 21;326(7403):1358-62
pubmed: 12816821
Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020 Dec;9(1):382-385
pubmed: 32065055
Nature. 2020 Mar;579(7798):270-273
pubmed: 32015507
Science. 2020 Mar 13;367(6483):1260-1263
pubmed: 32075877
Virology. 2004 Jul 1;324(2):251-6
pubmed: 15207612
Rev Med Virol. 2006 Mar-Apr;16(2):117-31
pubmed: 16518829
Hong Kong Med J. 2016 Jun;22(3 Suppl 4):25-31
pubmed: 27390007
J Biol Chem. 2007 Nov 2;282(44):32208-21
pubmed: 17761676
Infect Genet Evol. 2020 Sep;83:104351
pubmed: 32387564
Lancet. 2020 Feb 22;395(10224):565-574
pubmed: 32007145
Immunology. 2010 Aug;130(4):463-70
pubmed: 20465569
J Clin Invest. 2019 Jul 29;129(9):3625-3639
pubmed: 31355779
Virology. 2006 Mar 30;347(1):127-39
pubmed: 16387339
Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2011 Sep;11(9):1249-56
pubmed: 21787241
J Immunol. 2011 Jun 15;186(12):7264-8
pubmed: 21576510
N Engl J Med. 2020 May 7;382(19):1787-1799
pubmed: 32187464
Adv Exp Med Biol. 1995;380:359-65
pubmed: 8830508
Neoplasia. 2019 Oct;21(10):945-962
pubmed: 31422285
EBioMedicine. 2020 May;55:102743
pubmed: 32249203
J Virol. 2003 Oct;77(19):10515-27
pubmed: 12970436
Chem Asian J. 2019 Nov 18;14(22):3962-3968
pubmed: 31389664
Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Apr;8(4):420-422
pubmed: 32085846
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 May;55(5):105954
pubmed: 32234467
Microbiol Immunol. 2009 Feb;53(2):75-82
pubmed: 19291090
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005 Jan;24(1):44-6
pubmed: 15616839
N Engl J Med. 2020 May 22;:
pubmed: 32445440
Lancet Rheumatol. 2020 May;2(5):e255-e256
pubmed: 32368737
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2018;419:1-42
pubmed: 28643204
Nat Med. 2020 Apr;26(4):453-455
pubmed: 32284614
JAMA. 2020 Mar 4;:
pubmed: 32129805
Protein Cell. 2013 Dec;4(12):951-61
pubmed: 24318862
N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 20;382(8):727-733
pubmed: 31978945
mBio. 2014 May 20;5(3):e01174-14
pubmed: 24846384
Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 28;71(15):882-883
pubmed: 32011673
Cell Res. 2020 Mar;30(3):269-271
pubmed: 32020029
Nat Commun. 2020 May 4;11(1):2251
pubmed: 32366817
J Infect Dis. 2014 May 1;209(9):1331-42
pubmed: 24065148
Cell. 2020 Jun 25;181(7):1489-1501.e15
pubmed: 32473127
ACS Cent Sci. 2020 Mar 25;6(3):315-331
pubmed: 32226821
J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2019 Feb 4;34(1):9-14
pubmed: 32013309
J Virol. 2010 Nov;84(22):11849-57
pubmed: 20844028
Sci Transl Med. 2014 Apr 30;6(234):234ra59
pubmed: 24778414
Trends Immunol. 2003 Oct;24(10):534-9
pubmed: 14552837
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 May;55(5):105938
pubmed: 32171740
Arch Virol. 2009;154(7):1093-9
pubmed: 19526193
BMJ. 2020 Jun 3;369:m2094
pubmed: 32493739
Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2016 May;15(5):327-47
pubmed: 26868298
Sci Immunol. 2017 Aug 4;2(14):
pubmed: 28778905
Cell. 2020 Apr 16;181(2):281-292.e6
pubmed: 32155444
Respirology. 2006 Nov;11(6):715-22
pubmed: 17052299
N Engl J Med. 2012 Nov 8;367(19):1814-20
pubmed: 23075143
Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):e30-e31
pubmed: 32032529
Nature. 2003 Nov 27;426(6965):450-4
pubmed: 14647384
Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 28;71(15):762-768
pubmed: 32161940
Trials. 2018 Jan 30;19(1):81
pubmed: 29382391
Science. 2020 Jul 3;369(6499):77-81
pubmed: 32376603
Virol J. 2019 May 27;16(1):69
pubmed: 31133031
N Engl J Med. 2020 Aug 6;383(6):517-525
pubmed: 32492293
J Virol. 2011 Dec;85(23):12201-15
pubmed: 21937658
J Virol. 2009 Jul;83(13):6631-40
pubmed: 19403678
Sci Rep. 2017 Mar 06;7:43395
pubmed: 28262699
J Infect Dis. 2004 Feb 15;189(4):648-51
pubmed: 14767818
Viruses. 2020 Feb 25;12(3):
pubmed: 32106567
Virus Res. 2009 Nov;145(2):260-9
pubmed: 19635508
Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 28;71(15):778-785
pubmed: 32198501
Am J Emerg Med. 2020 May 23;:
pubmed: 32471782
JAMA Pediatr. 2020 May 11;:
pubmed: 32392288
Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020 Mar;16(3):155-166
pubmed: 32034323
Trends Immunol. 2020 May;41(5):355-359
pubmed: 32249063
J Exp Med. 2005 Aug 1;202(3):415-24
pubmed: 16043521
Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020 Dec;9(1):761-770
pubmed: 32228226
Am J Pathol. 2016 Mar;186(3):652-8
pubmed: 26857507
Cell Host Microbe. 2020 Jul 8;28(1):124-133.e4
pubmed: 32485164
J Biomed Sci. 2004 Jan-Feb;11(1):117-26
pubmed: 14730215
Immunity. 2016 Jun 21;44(6):1379-91
pubmed: 27287409
Virus Res. 2015 Apr 16;202:120-34
pubmed: 25445340
Virus Res. 2014 Dec 19;194:175-83
pubmed: 24670324
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Apr 7;106(14):5871-6
pubmed: 19321428
Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Jun;20(6):669-677
pubmed: 32240634
Biol Pharm Bull. 2012;35(11):2036-42
pubmed: 22971649
Nature. 2013 Mar 14;495(7440):251-4
pubmed: 23486063
Expert Rev Vaccines. 2009 Jul;8(7):887-98
pubmed: 19538115
J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Feb;44(2):359-65
pubmed: 16455884
N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 5;382(10):929-936
pubmed: 32004427
Hum Immunol. 2009 Jul;70(7):527-31
pubmed: 19445991
Bioinformation. 2020 Mar 31;16(3):219-222
pubmed: 32308263
Virus Res. 2008 Apr;133(1):13-9
pubmed: 17374415
Sci Transl Med. 2020 Apr 29;12(541):
pubmed: 32253226
J Virol. 2020 Mar 17;94(7):
pubmed: 31996437
Nature. 2020 Jul 30;:
pubmed: 32731258
Curr Opin Immunol. 2002 Aug;14(4):432-6
pubmed: 12088676
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2020 May;26(5):845-854
pubmed: 32018062
mBio. 2013 Apr 30;4(3):e00165-13
pubmed: 23631916
J Immunol. 2008 Oct 15;181(8):5490-500
pubmed: 18832706
Aging Dis. 2020 Mar 9;11(2):216-228
pubmed: 32257537
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Mar 24;117(12):6771-6776
pubmed: 32054787
Cell Discov. 2020 Mar 16;6:14
pubmed: 32194980
Immunol Rev. 2006 Jun;211:39-48
pubmed: 16824115
Nat Microbiol. 2020 Apr;5(4):562-569
pubmed: 32094589
Virology. 2006 Aug 1;351(2):466-75
pubmed: 16690096
Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2004 Mar;11(2):362-71
pubmed: 15013989
J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020 Mar 14;34(2):327-331
pubmed: 32171193
Virol Sin. 2020 Jun;35(3):253-255
pubmed: 32048130
World J Pediatr. 2020 Jun;16(3):240-246
pubmed: 32026148
J Virol. 2007 Jan;81(2):548-57
pubmed: 17108024
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jul 17;104(29):12123-8
pubmed: 17620608
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Mar 23;101(12):4240-5
pubmed: 15010527
J Virol. 2014 Aug;88(15):8597-614
pubmed: 24850731
J Med Virol. 2020 Jun;92(6):584-588
pubmed: 32083328
J Clin Invest. 2020 Apr 1;130(4):1545-1548
pubmed: 32167489
Viral Immunol. 2011 Oct;24(5):421-6
pubmed: 21958371
Respir Res. 2005 Jan 20;6:8
pubmed: 15661082
Lancet. 2020 Jun 13;395(10240):1845-1854
pubmed: 32450106
Virol J. 2005 Aug 22;2:69
pubmed: 16115318
Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 Sep;22(9):1554-61
pubmed: 27532807
Science. 2020 Apr 24;368(6489):409-412
pubmed: 32198291
J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2020 Dec;35(1):145-151
pubmed: 31724441
Nat Commun. 2020 Jan 10;11(1):222
pubmed: 31924756
Expert Rev Vaccines. 2014 Jun;13(6):761-74
pubmed: 24766432
Lancet. 2004 May 22;363(9422):1699-700
pubmed: 15158632
Chembiochem. 2020 Mar 2;21(5):730-738
pubmed: 32022370
J Exp Med. 2020 May 4;217(5):
pubmed: 32289152
Sci Transl Med. 2019 May 29;11(494):
pubmed: 31142680
Nat Rev Immunol. 2020 Jun;20(6):339-341
pubmed: 32317716
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Jan 30;115(5):E1012-E1021
pubmed: 29339515
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016 Aug;14(8):523-34
pubmed: 27344959
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019 Mar;17(3):181-192
pubmed: 30531947
Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):497-506
pubmed: 31986264
Viruses. 2019 Jan 14;11(1):
pubmed: 30646565
Mil Med Res. 2020 Feb 6;7(1):4
pubmed: 32029004
PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35421
pubmed: 22536382
Front Immunol. 2020 May 01;11:827
pubmed: 32425950
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Apr 28;117(17):9490-9496
pubmed: 32253318
Science. 2020 Mar 27;367(6485):1444-1448
pubmed: 32132184
Cell Host Microbe. 2020 Mar 11;27(3):325-328
pubmed: 32035028
Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2008 Apr;19(2):121-32
pubmed: 18321765
J Virol. 2005 May;79(9):5288-95
pubmed: 15827143
J Virol. 2009 Jul;83(13):6689-705
pubmed: 19369340
Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 2018 Dec;8(3):459-464
pubmed: 30396013
Diseases. 2016 Jul 25;4(3):
pubmed: 28933406
Cell. 2020 May 28;181(5):1036-1045.e9
pubmed: 32416070
Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2020 Jun;53:25-32
pubmed: 32446778
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2005;287:31-55
pubmed: 15609508
N Engl J Med. 2007 Oct 4;357(14):1450-1
pubmed: 17914053
Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Apr;8(4):e21
pubmed: 32171062
PLoS Pathog. 2018 Aug 13;14(8):e1007236
pubmed: 30102747
N Engl J Med. 2003 Jul 31;349(5):508-9
pubmed: 12890855
Cell Mol Immunol. 2020 May;17(5):541-543
pubmed: 32203186
Lancet Rheumatol. 2020 Jul;2(7):e376-e379
pubmed: 32427161
Vaccine. 2007 Sep 28;25(39-40):6981-91
pubmed: 17709158
Lancet. 2020 Mar 28;395(10229):1033-1034
pubmed: 32192578
Cell Host Microbe. 2020 Jun 10;27(6):891-898.e5
pubmed: 32413276
J Biol Chem. 2019 Sep 27;294(39):14406-14421
pubmed: 31399512
Cell Mol Immunol. 2020 Jul;17(7):768-770
pubmed: 32382126
Immunity. 2020 Jun 16;52(6):971-977.e3
pubmed: 32413330
Lancet Infect Dis. 2003 Nov;3(11):722-7
pubmed: 14592603
Cell. 2020 Apr 16;181(2):271-280.e8
pubmed: 32142651
Antiviral Res. 2020 Jun;178:104791
pubmed: 32275914
Cell Host Microbe. 2020 Jun 10;27(6):992-1000.e3
pubmed: 32320677
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Apr 14;117(15):8218-8221
pubmed: 32229574
Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2020 Mar;38(1):1-9
pubmed: 32105090
Viral Immunol. 2012 Aug;25(4):277-88
pubmed: 22876772
Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Jan;10(1):20-4
pubmed: 15078592
Clin Exp Immunol. 2004 Apr;136(1):95-103
pubmed: 15030519
J Virol. 2005 Jun;79(11):7095-103
pubmed: 15890949
J Transl Med. 2020 Apr 22;18(1):179
pubmed: 32321524
Clin Immunol. 2020 May;214:108393
pubmed: 32222466
Nat Med. 2020 May;26(5):681-687
pubmed: 32327758
Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1399-404
pubmed: 12730501
Pediatr Res. 2020 Apr 8;:
pubmed: 32268343
Lancet Infect Dis. 2014 Nov;14(11):1090-1095
pubmed: 25278221
J Virol. 2020 Feb 14;94(5):
pubmed: 31826992
Immunity. 2020 Apr 14;52(4):583-589
pubmed: 32259480
Nature. 2020 Mar;579(7798):265-269
pubmed: 32015508
Nature. 2014 Apr 17;508(7496):402-5
pubmed: 24590073
Front Microbiol. 2020 Feb 28;11:298
pubmed: 32265848
Cell Mol Immunol. 2020 Jul;17(7):765-767
pubmed: 32047258
J Gen Virol. 2013 Dec;94(Pt 12):2679-2690
pubmed: 24077366