Brain activation and connectivity in anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder when viewing bodies: relationships to clinical symptoms and perception of appearance.
Brain activation
Brain connectivity
Independent components analysis
Partial least squares
Spatial frequency
Visual processing
fMRI
Journal
Brain imaging and behavior
ISSN: 1931-7565
Titre abrégé: Brain Imaging Behav
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101300405
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Jun 2021
Jun 2021
Historique:
pubmed:
3
9
2020
medline:
21
7
2021
entrez:
3
9
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Anorexia nervosa (AN) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) are characterized by distorted perception of appearance, yet no studies have directly compared the neurobiology associated with body perception. We compared AN and BDD in brain activation and connectivity in relevant networks when viewing images of others' bodies and tested their relationships with clinical symptoms and subjective appearance evaluations. We acquired fMRI data from 64 unmedicated females (20 weight-restored AN, 23 BDD, 21 controls) during a matching task using unaltered or spatial-frequency filtered photos of others' bodies. Using general linear model and independent components analyses we compared brain activation and connectivity in visual, striatal, and parietal networks and performed univariate and partial least squares multivariate analyses to investigate relationships with clinical symptoms and appearance evaluations. AN and BDD showed partially overlapping patterns of hyperconnectivity in the dorsal visual network and hypoconnectivity in parietal network compared with controls. BDD, but not AN, demonstrated hypoactivity in dorsal visual and parietal networks compared to controls. Further, there were significant activity and connectivity differences between AN and BDD in both networks. In both groups, activity and/or connectivity were associated with symptom severity and appearance ratings of others' bodies. Thus, AN and BDD demonstrate both distinct and partially-overlapping aberrant neural phenotypes involved in body processing and visually encoding global features. Nevertheless, in each disorder, aberrant activity and connectivity show relationships to clinically relevant symptoms and subjective perception. These results have implications for understanding distinct and shared pathophysiology underlying perceptual distortions of appearance and may inform future novel treatment strategies.
Identifiants
pubmed: 32875486
doi: 10.1007/s11682-020-00323-5
pii: 10.1007/s11682-020-00323-5
pmc: PMC7921207
mid: NIHMS1625826
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1235-1252Subventions
Organisme : NIH HHS
ID : R01MH093535
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : R01 MH121520
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : R21 MH110865
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : R01 MH105662
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : R01 MH093535
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIH HHS
ID : GM08042
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIGMS NIH HHS
ID : T32 GM008042
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
© 2020. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Références
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub.
Beilharz, F., Castle, D. J., Grace, S., & Rossell, S. L. (2017). A systematic review of visual processing and associated treatments in body Dysmorphic disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 136(1), 16–36.
pubmed: 28190269
doi: 10.1111/acps.12705
Bernardoni, F., King, J. A., Geisler, D., Stein, E., Jaite, C., Nätsch, D., Tam, F. I., et al. (2016). Weight restoration therapy rapidly reverses cortical thinning in anorexia nervosa: a longitudinal study. NeuroImage, 130(April), 214–222.
pubmed: 26876474
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.003
Bischoff-Grethe, A., McCurdy, D., Grenesko-Stevens, E., Zoe, L. E., Irvine, A. W., Yau, W.-Y. W., Fennema-Notestine, C., et al. (2013). Altered brain response to reward and punishment in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Research, 214(3), 331–340.
pubmed: 24148909
doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.07.004
Bohon, C., Hembacher, E., Moller, H., Moody, T. D., & Feusner, J. D. (2012). Nonlinear relationships between anxiety and visual processing of own and others’ faces in body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatry Research, 204(2–3), 132–139.
pubmed: 23137801
pmcid: 3518613
doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.09.003
Brühl, A. B., Delsignore, A., Komossa, K., & Weidt, S. (2014). Neuroimaging in social anxiety disorder—a meta-analytic review resulting in a new neurofunctional model. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review, 47, 260–280.
doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.003
Buchanan, B. G., Rossell, S. L., Maller, J. J., Toh, W. L., Brennan, S., & Castle, D. J. (2013). Brain connectivity in body dysmorphic disorder compared with controls: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Psychological Medicine, 43(12), 2513–2521.
pubmed: 23473554
doi: 10.1017/S0033291713000421
Button, E. (1986). Body size perception and response to inpatient treatment in anorexia-nervosa. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 5(4), 617–629.
doi: 10.1002/1098-108X(198605)5:4<617::AID-EAT2260050403>3.0.CO;2-H
Decker, J. H., Figner, B., & Steinglass, J. E. (2015). On weight and waiting: delay discounting in anorexia nervosa pretreatment and Posttreatment. Biological Psychiatry, 78(9), 606–614.
pubmed: 25641636
doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.016
Deckersbach, T., Savage, C. R., Phillips, K. A., Wilhelm, S., Buhlmann, U., Rauch, S. L., Baer, L., & Jenike, M. A. (2000). Characteristics of memory dysfunction in body Dysmorphic disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6(6), 673–681.
pubmed: 11011514
doi: 10.1017/S1355617700666055
Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., Atala, K. D., & Rasmussen, S. A. (1998). The Brown assessment of beliefs scale: reliability and validity. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(1), 102–108.
pubmed: 9433346
doi: 10.1176/ajp.155.1.102
Engelen, T., de Graaf, T. A., Sack, A. T., & de Gelder, B. (2015). A Causal Role for Inferior Parietal Lobule in Emotion Body Perception. Cortex a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 73(December), 195–202.
pubmed: 26460868
doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.08.013
Eshkevari, E., Rieger, E., Longo, M. R., Haggard, P., & Treasure, J. (2012). Increased plasticity of the bodily self in eating disorders. Psychological Medicine, 42(4), 819–828.
pubmed: 22017964
doi: 10.1017/S0033291711002091
Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., & Oconnor, M. E. (2008). In C. G. Fairburn (Ed.), Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Eating Disorders. New York: The Guilford Press.
Feusner, J., Deshpande, R., & Strober, M. (2017). A translational neuroscience approach to body image disturbance and its remediation in anorexia nervosa. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50(9), 1014–1017.
pubmed: 28755487
pmcid: 5752143
doi: 10.1002/eat.22742
Feusner, J. D., Moody, T., Hembacher, E., Townsend, J., McKinley, M., Moller, H., & Bookheimer, S. (2010). Abnormalities of visual processing and Frontostriatal Systems in Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(2), 197–205.
pubmed: 20124119
pmcid: 2853756
doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.190
Feusner, J. D., Townsend, J., Bystritsky, A., & Bookheimer, S. (2007). Visual information processing of faces in body Dysmorphic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(12), 1417–1425.
pubmed: 18056550
doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.12.1417
Filippini, N., MacIntosh, B. J., Hough, M. G., Goodwin, G. M., Frisoni, G. B., Smith, S. M., Matthews, P. M., Beckmann, C. F., & Mackay, C. E. (2009). Distinct patterns of brain activity in young carriers of the APOE-epsilon4 allele. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(17), 7209–7214.
pubmed: 19357304
pmcid: 2678478
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0811879106
Fladung, A. K., Gron, G., Grammer, K., Herrnberger, B., Schilly, E., Grasteit, S., Wolf, R. C., Walter, H., & von Wietersheim, J. (2010). A neural signature of anorexia nervosa in the ventral striatal reward system. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(2), 206–212.
pubmed: 19833790
doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09010071
Frank, G. K. W., Roblek, T., Shott, M. E., Jappe, L. M., Rollin, M. D. H., Hagman, J. O., & Pryor, T. (2012). Heightened fear of uncertainty in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 45(2), 227–232.
pubmed: 21495057
doi: 10.1002/eat.20929
Freeman, R. J., Thomas, C. D., Solyom, L., & Koopman, R. F. (1985). Clinical and personality-correlates of body size overestimation in anorexia-nervosa and bulimia-nervosa. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 4(4), 439–456.
doi: 10.1002/1098-108X(198511)4:4<439::AID-EAT2260040405>3.0.CO;2-B
Gadsby, S. (2017). Distorted body representations in anorexia nervosa. Consciousness and Cognition, 51(May), 17–33.
pubmed: 28284109
doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.02.015
Goodale, M. A., & Milner, A. D. (1992). Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends in Neurosciences, 15(1), 20–25.
pubmed: 1374953
doi: 10.1016/0166-2236(92)90344-8
Grant, J. E., Kim, S. W., & Eckert, E. D. (2002). Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anorexia nervosa: prevalence, clinical features, and delusionality of body image. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 32(3), 291–300.
pubmed: 12210643
doi: 10.1002/eat.10091
Groves, K., Kennett, S., & Gillmeister, H. (2019). Evidence for altered Configural body processing in women at risk of disorders characterized by body image disturbance. British Journal of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12412 .
Hamilton, M. (2016). Hamilton anxiety rating scale. PsycTESTS dataset. https://doi.org/10.1037/t02824-000 .
Hartmann, A. S., Thomas, J. J., Wilson, A. C., & Wilhelm, S. (2013). Insight impairment in body image disorders: delusionality and overvalued ideas in anorexia nervosa versus body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatry Research, 210(3), 1129–1135.
pubmed: 23992792
doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.08.010
Hartmann, A. S., Thomas, J. J., Greenberg, J. L., Elliott, C. M., Matheny, N. L., & Wilhelm, S. (2015). Anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder: a comparison of body image concerns and explicit and implicit attractiveness beliefs. Body Image, 14(June), 77–84.
pubmed: 25920044
doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.03.013
Hodzic, A., Kaas, A., Muckli, L., Stirn, A., & Singer, W. (2009). Distinct cortical networks for the detection and identification of human body. NeuroImage, 45(4), 1264–1271.
pubmed: 19349239
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.01.027
Hrabosky, J. I., Cash, T. F., Veale, D., Neziroglu, F., Soll, E. A., Garner, D. M., Strachan-Kinser, M., Bakke, B., Clauss, L. J., & Phillips, K. A. (2009). Multidimensional body image comparisons among patients with eating disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, and clinical controls: a multisite study. Body Image, 6(3), 155–163.
pubmed: 19410528
doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.03.001
Iidaka, T., Yamashita, K., Kashikura, K., & Yonekura, Y. (2004). Spatial frequency of visual image modulates neural responses in the Temporo-occipital lobe. An investigation with event-related fMRI. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research, 18(2), 196–204.
pubmed: 14736578
doi: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2003.10.005
Jenkinson, M., Beckmann, C. F., Behrens, T. E., Woolrich, M. W., & Smith, S. M. (2012). Fsl. NeuroImage, 62(2), 782–790.
pubmed: 21979382
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015
Jolanta, J. R.-J., & Rabe-Jablonska Jolanta, J. (2000). The links between body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders. European Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(00)00398-9 .
Keizer, A., van Elburg, A., Helms, R., & Dijkerman, H. C. (2016). A virtual reality full body illusion improves body image disturbance in anorexia nervosa. PLoS One, 11(10), e0163921.
pubmed: 27711234
pmcid: 5053411
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163921
Keizer, A., Smeets, M. A., Postma, A., van Elburg, A., & Dijkerman, H. C. (2014). Does the experience of ownership over a rubber hand change body size perception in anorexia nervosa patients? Neuropsychologia, 62(September), 26–37.
pubmed: 25050852
doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.003
King, J. A., Geisler, D., Ritschel, F., Boehm, I., Seidel, M., Roschinski, B., Soltwedel, L., Zwipp, J., Pfuhl, G., Marxen, M., Roessner, V., & Ehrlich, S. (2015). Global cortical thinning in acute anorexia nervosa normalizes following long-term weight restoration. Biological Psychiatry, 77(7), 624–632.
pubmed: 25433902
doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.005
Kittler, J. E., Menard, W., & Phillips, K. A. (2007). Weight concerns in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. Eating Behaviors, 8(1), 115–120.
pubmed: 17174859
doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2006.02.006
Kollei, I., Horndasch, S., Erim, Y., & Martin, A. (2017). Visual selective attention in body dysmorphic disorder, bulimia nervosa and healthy controls. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 92(January), 26–33.
pubmed: 27998509
doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.11.008
Kollei, I., Brunhoeber, S., Rauh, E., de Zwaan, M., & Martin, A. (2012). Body image, emotions and thought control strategies in body dysmorphic disorder compared to eating disorders and healthy controls. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.12.002 .
Lang, K., Roberts, M., Harrison, A., Lopez, C., Goddard, E., Khondoker, M., Treasure, J., & Tchanturia, K. (2016). Central coherence in eating disorders: a synthesis of studies using the Rey Osterrieth complex figure test. PLoS One, 11(11), e0165467.
pubmed: 27806073
pmcid: 5091879
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165467
Li, W., Lai, T. M., Bohon, C., Loo, S. K., McCurdy, D., Strober, M., Bookheimer, S., & Feusner, J. (2015a). Anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder are associated with abnormalities in processing visual information. Psychological Medicine, 1–12.
Li, W., Lai, T. M., Loo, S. K., Strober, M., Mohammad-Rezazadeh, I., Khalsa, S., & Feusner, J. (2015b). Aberrant early visual neural activity and brain-behavior relationships in anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 301.
pubmed: 26082703
pmcid: 4451358
Liao, W., Chen, H., Feng, Y., Mantini, D., Gentili, C., Pan, Z., Ding, J., Duan, X., Qiu, C., Lui, S., Gong, Q., & Zhang, W. (2010). Selective aberrant functional connectivity of resting state networks in social anxiety disorder. Neuroimage, 52(4), 1549–1558.
pubmed: 20470894
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.010
Madsen, S. K., Bohon, C., & Feusner, J. D. (2013). Visual processing in anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder: similarities, differences, and future research directions. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(10), 1483–1491.
pubmed: 23810196
pmcid: 3786585
doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.06.003
McFadden, K. L., Tregellas, J. R., Shott, M. E., & Frank, G. K. (2014). Reduced salience and default mode network activity in women with anorexia nervosa. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience: JPN, 39(3), 178–188.
doi: 10.1503/jpn.130046
Merigan, W. H., & Maunsell, J. H. R. (1993). How parallel are the primate visual pathways? Annual Review of Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.16.030193.002101 .
Mohr, H. M., Zimmermann, J., Röder, C., Lenz, C., Overbeck, G., & Grabhorn, R. (2010). Separating two components of body image in anorexia nervosa using fMRI. Psychological Medicine, 40(9), 1519–1529.
pubmed: 19917143
doi: 10.1017/S0033291709991826
Montgomery, S. A., & Asberg, M. (1979). A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. The British Journal of Psychiatry: the Journal of Mental Science, 134(April), 382–389.
doi: 10.1192/bjp.134.4.382
Moody, T. D., Sasaki, M. A., Bohon, C., Strober, M. A., Bookheimer, S. Y., Sheen, C. L., & Feusner, J. D. (2015). Functional connectivity for face processing in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder and anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine, 45(16), 3491–3503.
pubmed: 26219399
pmcid: 4879882
doi: 10.1017/S0033291715001397
Moody, T. D., Shen, V. W., Hutcheson, N. L., Henretty, J. R., Sheen, C. L., Strober, M., & Feusner, J. D. (2017). Appearance evaluation of others’ faces and bodies in anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50(2), 127–138.
pubmed: 27566987
doi: 10.1002/eat.22604
Norton, D. J., McBain, R. K., Pizzagalli, D. A., Cronin-Golomb, A., & Chen, Y. (2016). Dysregulation of visual motion inhibition in major depression. Psychiatry Research, 240, 214–221.
pubmed: 27111216
pmcid: 4886228
doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.028
Phillipou, A., Rossell, S. L., & Castle, D. J. (2014). The neurobiology of anorexia nervosa: a systematic review. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 48(2), 128–152.
pubmed: 24194589
doi: 10.1177/0004867413509693
Phillips, K. A., Atala, K. D., & Pope Jr., H. G. (1995). Diagnostic instruments for body dysmorphic disorder. In 157.
Phillips, K. A., Hollander, E., Rasmussen, S. A., Aronowitz, B. R., DeCaria, C., & Goodman, W. K. (1997). A severity rating scale for body dysmorphic disorder: development, reliability, and validity of a modified version of the Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 33(1), 17–22.
pubmed: 9133747
Pietrini, F., Castellini, G., Ricca, V., Polito, C., Pupi, A., & Faravelli, C. (2011). Functional neuroimaging in anorexia nervosa: a clinical approach. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 26(3), 176–182.
doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.07.011
Pruim, R. H., Mennes, M., van Rooij, D., Llera, A., Buitelaar, J. K., & Beckmann, C. F. (2015). ICA-AROMA: a robust ICA-based strategy for removing motion artifacts from fMRI data. NeuroImage, 112, 267–277.
pubmed: 25770991
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.064
Ramsey, R. (2018). Neural integration in body perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1–10.
Rangaprakash, D., Bohon, C., Lawrence, K. E., Moody, T., Morfini, F., Khalsa, S. S., Strober, M., & Feusner, J. D. (2018). Aberrant dynamic connectivity for fear processing in anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 273.
pubmed: 29997532
pmcid: 6028703
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00273
Sachdev, P., Mondraty, N., Wen, W., & Gulliford, K. (2008). Brains of anorexia nervosa patients process self-images differently from non-self-images: an fMRI study. Neuropsychologia, 46(8), 2161–2168.
pubmed: 18406432
doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.02.031
Seitz, J., Bühren, K., von Polier, G. G., Heussen, N., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., & Konrad, K. (2014). Morphological changes in the brain of acutely ill and weight-recovered patients with anorexia nervosa. Zeitschrift Fur Kinder- Und Jugendpsychiatrie Und Psychotherapie, 42(1), 7–18.
pubmed: 24365959
doi: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000265
Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Hergueta, T., Baker, R., & Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59 Suppl 20, 22–33 quiz 34–57.
pubmed: 9881538
Sherman, B. J., Savage, C. R., Eddy, K. T., Blais, M. A., Deckersbach, T., Jackson, S. C., Franko, D. L., Rauch, S. L., & Herzog, D. B. (2006). Strategic memory in adults with anorexia nervosa: are there similarities to obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders? The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39(6), 468–476.
pubmed: 16715489
doi: 10.1002/eat.20300
Smith, S. M., Jenkinson, M., Woolrich, M. W., Beckmann, C. F., Behrens, T. E., Johansen-Berg, H., Bannister, P. R., et al. (2004). Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. NeuroImage, 23 Suppl 1, S208–S219.
pubmed: 15501092
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051
Smith, S. M., & Nichols, T. E. (2009). Threshold-free cluster enhancement: Addressing problems of smoothing, threshold dependence and localisation in cluster inference. NeuroImage, 44(1), 83–98.
pubmed: 18501637
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.061
Ruffolo, J. S., Phillips, K. A., Menard, W., Fay, C., & Weisberg, R. B. (2006). Comorbidity of body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders: severity of psychopathology and body image disturbance. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39(1), 11–19.
pubmed: 16254870
doi: 10.1002/eat.20219
Suchan, B., Bauser, D. S., Busch, M., Schulte, D., Gronemeyer, D., Herpertz, S., & Vocks, S. (2013). Reduced connectivity between the left fusiform body area and the extrastriate body area in anorexia nervosa is associated with body image distortion. Behavioural Brain Research, 241, 80–85.
pubmed: 23238041
doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.002
Suchan, B., Vocks, S., & Waldorf, M. (2015). Alterations in activity, volume, and connectivity of body-processing brain areas in anorexia nervosa. European Psychologist, 20(1), 27–33.
doi: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000213
Toh, W. L., Grace, S. A., Rossell, S. L., Castle, D. J., & Phillipou, A. (2019). Body parts of clinical concern in anorexia nervosa versus body dysmorphic disorder: a cross-diagnostic comparison. Australasian Psychiatry: Bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856219839477 .
Uher, R., Murphy, T., Friederich, H. C., Dalgleish, T., Brammer, M. J., Giampietro, V., Phillips, M. L., Andrew, C. M., Ng, V. W., Williams, S. C. R., Campbell, I. C., & Treasure, J. (2005). Functional neuroanatomy of body shape perception in healthy and eating-disordered women. Biological Psychiatry, 58(12), 990–997.
pubmed: 16084858
doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.06.001
Ungerleider, L. G., & Haxby, J. V. (1994). What and ‘where’ in the human brain. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 4(2), 157–165.
pubmed: 8038571
doi: 10.1016/0959-4388(94)90066-3
Via, E., Goldberg, X., Sanchez, I., Forcano, L., Harrison, B. J., Davey, C. G., Pujol, J., et al. (2018). Self and other body perception in anorexia nervosa: the role of posterior DMN nodes. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry: The Official Journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry, 19(3), 210–224.
doi: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1249951
Vocks, S., Busch, M., Gronemeyer, D., Schulte, D., Herpertz, S., & Suchan, B. (2010a). Neural correlates of viewing photographs of one’s own body and another woman’s body in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: an fMRI study. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience: JPN, 35(3), 163–176.
doi: 10.1503/jpn.090048
Vocks, S., Busch, M., Schulte, D., Gronermeyer, D., Herpertz, S., & Suchan, B. (2010b). Effects of body image therapy on the activation of the extrastriate body area in anorexia nervosa: an fMRI study. Psychiatry Research, 183(2), 114–118.
pubmed: 20630712
doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.05.011
Wagner, A., Ruf, M., Braus, D. F., & Schmidt, M. H. (2003). Neuronal activity changes and body image distortion in anorexia nervosa. Neuroreport, 14(17), 2193–2197.
pubmed: 14625446
doi: 10.1097/00001756-200312020-00012
Wesner, M. F., & Tan, J. (2006). Contrast sensitivity in seasonal and nonseasonal depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 95(1–3), 19–28.
pubmed: 16793144
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2006.03.028
Xia, M., Wang, J., & He, Y. (2013). BrainNet viewer: a network visualization tool for human brain connectomics. PLoS One, 8(7), e68910.
pubmed: 23861951
pmcid: 3701683
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068910