Clinical features, prognostic factors, and antibody effects in anti-mGluR1 encephalitis.


Journal

Neurology
ISSN: 1526-632X
Titre abrégé: Neurology
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401060

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
01 12 2020
Historique:
received: 22 04 2020
accepted: 14 07 2020
pubmed: 16 9 2020
medline: 17 12 2020
entrez: 15 9 2020
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

To clinically characterize patients with anti-metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) 1 encephalitis, to identify prognostic factors, and to study the immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses and effects of antibodies on neuronal mGluR1 clusters. Clinical information on new and previously reported patients was reviewed. Antibodies to mGluR1 and IgG subclasses were determined with brain immunohistochemistry and cell-based assays, and their effects on mGluR1 clusters were studied on rat hippocampal neurons. Eleven new patients were identified (10 adults, 1 child);4 were female. In these and 19 previously reported cases (n = 30, median age 55 years), the main clinical manifestation was a subacute cerebellar syndrome that in 25 (86%) patients was associated with behavioral/cognitive changes or other neurologic symptoms. A tumor was found in 3 of 26 (11%). Brain MRI was abnormal in 7 of 19 (37%) at onset and showed cerebellar atrophy in 10 of 12 (83%) at follow-up. Twenty-five of 30 (83%) patients received immunotherapy. Follow-up was available for 25: 13 (52%) had clinical stabilization; 10 (40%) showed significant improvement; and 2 died. At the peak of the disease, patients with bad outcome at 2 years (modified Rankin Scale score > 2, n = 7) were more likely to have higher degree of initial disability, as reflected by a worse Scale for Assessment and Rating of Ataxia score, and more frequent need of assistance to walk. Antibodies to mGluR1 were mainly IgG1 and caused a significant decrease of mGluR1 clusters in cultured neurons. Anti-mGluR1 encephalitis manifests as a severe cerebellar syndrome, often resulting in long-term disability and cerebellar atrophy. The antibodies are pathogenic and cause significant decrease of mGluR1 clusters in cultured neurons.

Identifiants

pubmed: 32928978
pii: WNL.0000000000010854
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010854
pmc: PMC7734921
doi:

Substances chimiques

Autoantibodies 0
Immunoglobulin G 0
Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate 0
metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 0

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

e3012-e3025

Informations de copyright

© 2020 American Academy of Neurology.

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Auteurs

Marianna Spatola (M)

From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (M. Spatola, M.P.P., E.M., M.R.R., F.G., J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard Medical School (M. Spatola), Cambridge, MA; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience (M.P.P.), University of Bordeaux, France; Neurology Division (M. Simabukuro), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil; Centre de Référence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et des Encéphalites Autoimmunes (S.M.-C., A.L.P., J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INMG, Inserm U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, France; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), Department of Neuropediatrics (J.S.), and Department of Neuroradiology (P.S.), University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein and General Neurology Division (L.A.D.), Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS (R.I.), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.K.), University Hospital Bonn; Epilepsy Center Bethel (C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., P.S.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.R.R., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; University Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. marianna.spatola@gmail.com.

Mar Petit Pedrol (M)

From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (M. Spatola, M.P.P., E.M., M.R.R., F.G., J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard Medical School (M. Spatola), Cambridge, MA; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience (M.P.P.), University of Bordeaux, France; Neurology Division (M. Simabukuro), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil; Centre de Référence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et des Encéphalites Autoimmunes (S.M.-C., A.L.P., J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INMG, Inserm U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, France; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), Department of Neuropediatrics (J.S.), and Department of Neuroradiology (P.S.), University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein and General Neurology Division (L.A.D.), Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS (R.I.), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.K.), University Hospital Bonn; Epilepsy Center Bethel (C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., P.S.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.R.R., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; University Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.

Estibaliz Maudes (E)

From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (M. Spatola, M.P.P., E.M., M.R.R., F.G., J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard Medical School (M. Spatola), Cambridge, MA; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience (M.P.P.), University of Bordeaux, France; Neurology Division (M. Simabukuro), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil; Centre de Référence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et des Encéphalites Autoimmunes (S.M.-C., A.L.P., J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INMG, Inserm U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, France; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), Department of Neuropediatrics (J.S.), and Department of Neuroradiology (P.S.), University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein and General Neurology Division (L.A.D.), Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS (R.I.), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.K.), University Hospital Bonn; Epilepsy Center Bethel (C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., P.S.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.R.R., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; University Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.

Mateus Simabukuro (M)

From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (M. Spatola, M.P.P., E.M., M.R.R., F.G., J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard Medical School (M. Spatola), Cambridge, MA; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience (M.P.P.), University of Bordeaux, France; Neurology Division (M. Simabukuro), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil; Centre de Référence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et des Encéphalites Autoimmunes (S.M.-C., A.L.P., J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INMG, Inserm U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, France; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), Department of Neuropediatrics (J.S.), and Department of Neuroradiology (P.S.), University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein and General Neurology Division (L.A.D.), Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS (R.I.), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.K.), University Hospital Bonn; Epilepsy Center Bethel (C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., P.S.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.R.R., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; University Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.

Sergio Muñiz-Castrillo (S)

From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (M. Spatola, M.P.P., E.M., M.R.R., F.G., J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard Medical School (M. Spatola), Cambridge, MA; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience (M.P.P.), University of Bordeaux, France; Neurology Division (M. Simabukuro), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil; Centre de Référence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et des Encéphalites Autoimmunes (S.M.-C., A.L.P., J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INMG, Inserm U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, France; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), Department of Neuropediatrics (J.S.), and Department of Neuroradiology (P.S.), University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein and General Neurology Division (L.A.D.), Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS (R.I.), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.K.), University Hospital Bonn; Epilepsy Center Bethel (C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., P.S.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.R.R., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; University Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.

Anne-Laurie Pinto (AL)

From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (M. Spatola, M.P.P., E.M., M.R.R., F.G., J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard Medical School (M. Spatola), Cambridge, MA; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience (M.P.P.), University of Bordeaux, France; Neurology Division (M. Simabukuro), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil; Centre de Référence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et des Encéphalites Autoimmunes (S.M.-C., A.L.P., J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INMG, Inserm U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, France; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), Department of Neuropediatrics (J.S.), and Department of Neuroradiology (P.S.), University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein and General Neurology Division (L.A.D.), Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS (R.I.), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.K.), University Hospital Bonn; Epilepsy Center Bethel (C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., P.S.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.R.R., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; University Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.

Klaus-Peter Wandinger (KP)

From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (M. Spatola, M.P.P., E.M., M.R.R., F.G., J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard Medical School (M. Spatola), Cambridge, MA; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience (M.P.P.), University of Bordeaux, France; Neurology Division (M. Simabukuro), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil; Centre de Référence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et des Encéphalites Autoimmunes (S.M.-C., A.L.P., J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INMG, Inserm U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, France; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), Department of Neuropediatrics (J.S.), and Department of Neuroradiology (P.S.), University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein and General Neurology Division (L.A.D.), Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS (R.I.), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.K.), University Hospital Bonn; Epilepsy Center Bethel (C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., P.S.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.R.R., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; University Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.

Juliane Spiegler (J)

From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (M. Spatola, M.P.P., E.M., M.R.R., F.G., J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard Medical School (M. Spatola), Cambridge, MA; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience (M.P.P.), University of Bordeaux, France; Neurology Division (M. Simabukuro), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil; Centre de Référence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et des Encéphalites Autoimmunes (S.M.-C., A.L.P., J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INMG, Inserm U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, France; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), Department of Neuropediatrics (J.S.), and Department of Neuroradiology (P.S.), University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein and General Neurology Division (L.A.D.), Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS (R.I.), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.K.), University Hospital Bonn; Epilepsy Center Bethel (C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., P.S.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.R.R., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; University Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.

Peter Schramm (P)

From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (M. Spatola, M.P.P., E.M., M.R.R., F.G., J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard Medical School (M. Spatola), Cambridge, MA; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience (M.P.P.), University of Bordeaux, France; Neurology Division (M. Simabukuro), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil; Centre de Référence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et des Encéphalites Autoimmunes (S.M.-C., A.L.P., J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INMG, Inserm U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, France; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), Department of Neuropediatrics (J.S.), and Department of Neuroradiology (P.S.), University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein and General Neurology Division (L.A.D.), Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS (R.I.), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.K.), University Hospital Bonn; Epilepsy Center Bethel (C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., P.S.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.R.R., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; University Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.

Lívia Almeida Dutra (LA)

From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (M. Spatola, M.P.P., E.M., M.R.R., F.G., J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard Medical School (M. Spatola), Cambridge, MA; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience (M.P.P.), University of Bordeaux, France; Neurology Division (M. Simabukuro), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil; Centre de Référence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et des Encéphalites Autoimmunes (S.M.-C., A.L.P., J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INMG, Inserm U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, France; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), Department of Neuropediatrics (J.S.), and Department of Neuroradiology (P.S.), University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein and General Neurology Division (L.A.D.), Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS (R.I.), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.K.), University Hospital Bonn; Epilepsy Center Bethel (C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., P.S.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.R.R., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; University Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.

Raffaele Iorio (R)

From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (M. Spatola, M.P.P., E.M., M.R.R., F.G., J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard Medical School (M. Spatola), Cambridge, MA; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience (M.P.P.), University of Bordeaux, France; Neurology Division (M. Simabukuro), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil; Centre de Référence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et des Encéphalites Autoimmunes (S.M.-C., A.L.P., J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INMG, Inserm U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, France; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), Department of Neuropediatrics (J.S.), and Department of Neuroradiology (P.S.), University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein and General Neurology Division (L.A.D.), Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS (R.I.), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.K.), University Hospital Bonn; Epilepsy Center Bethel (C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., P.S.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.R.R., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; University Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.

Cornelia Kornblum (C)

From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (M. Spatola, M.P.P., E.M., M.R.R., F.G., J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard Medical School (M. Spatola), Cambridge, MA; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience (M.P.P.), University of Bordeaux, France; Neurology Division (M. Simabukuro), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil; Centre de Référence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et des Encéphalites Autoimmunes (S.M.-C., A.L.P., J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INMG, Inserm U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, France; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), Department of Neuropediatrics (J.S.), and Department of Neuroradiology (P.S.), University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein and General Neurology Division (L.A.D.), Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS (R.I.), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.K.), University Hospital Bonn; Epilepsy Center Bethel (C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., P.S.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.R.R., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; University Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.

Christian G Bien (CG)

From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (M. Spatola, M.P.P., E.M., M.R.R., F.G., J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard Medical School (M. Spatola), Cambridge, MA; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience (M.P.P.), University of Bordeaux, France; Neurology Division (M. Simabukuro), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil; Centre de Référence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et des Encéphalites Autoimmunes (S.M.-C., A.L.P., J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INMG, Inserm U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, France; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), Department of Neuropediatrics (J.S.), and Department of Neuroradiology (P.S.), University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein and General Neurology Division (L.A.D.), Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS (R.I.), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.K.), University Hospital Bonn; Epilepsy Center Bethel (C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., P.S.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.R.R., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; University Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.

Romana Höftberger (R)

From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (M. Spatola, M.P.P., E.M., M.R.R., F.G., J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard Medical School (M. Spatola), Cambridge, MA; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience (M.P.P.), University of Bordeaux, France; Neurology Division (M. Simabukuro), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil; Centre de Référence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et des Encéphalites Autoimmunes (S.M.-C., A.L.P., J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INMG, Inserm U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, France; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), Department of Neuropediatrics (J.S.), and Department of Neuroradiology (P.S.), University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein and General Neurology Division (L.A.D.), Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS (R.I.), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.K.), University Hospital Bonn; Epilepsy Center Bethel (C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., P.S.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.R.R., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; University Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.

Frank Leypoldt (F)

From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (M. Spatola, M.P.P., E.M., M.R.R., F.G., J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard Medical School (M. Spatola), Cambridge, MA; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience (M.P.P.), University of Bordeaux, France; Neurology Division (M. Simabukuro), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil; Centre de Référence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et des Encéphalites Autoimmunes (S.M.-C., A.L.P., J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INMG, Inserm U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, France; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), Department of Neuropediatrics (J.S.), and Department of Neuroradiology (P.S.), University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein and General Neurology Division (L.A.D.), Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS (R.I.), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.K.), University Hospital Bonn; Epilepsy Center Bethel (C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., P.S.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.R.R., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; University Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.

Maarten J Titulaer (MJ)

From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (M. Spatola, M.P.P., E.M., M.R.R., F.G., J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard Medical School (M. Spatola), Cambridge, MA; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience (M.P.P.), University of Bordeaux, France; Neurology Division (M. Simabukuro), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil; Centre de Référence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et des Encéphalites Autoimmunes (S.M.-C., A.L.P., J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INMG, Inserm U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, France; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), Department of Neuropediatrics (J.S.), and Department of Neuroradiology (P.S.), University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein and General Neurology Division (L.A.D.), Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS (R.I.), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.K.), University Hospital Bonn; Epilepsy Center Bethel (C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., P.S.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.R.R., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; University Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.

Peter Sillevis Smitt (P)

From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (M. Spatola, M.P.P., E.M., M.R.R., F.G., J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard Medical School (M. Spatola), Cambridge, MA; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience (M.P.P.), University of Bordeaux, France; Neurology Division (M. Simabukuro), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil; Centre de Référence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et des Encéphalites Autoimmunes (S.M.-C., A.L.P., J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INMG, Inserm U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, France; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), Department of Neuropediatrics (J.S.), and Department of Neuroradiology (P.S.), University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein and General Neurology Division (L.A.D.), Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS (R.I.), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.K.), University Hospital Bonn; Epilepsy Center Bethel (C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., P.S.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.R.R., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; University Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.

Jérôme Honnorat (J)

From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (M. Spatola, M.P.P., E.M., M.R.R., F.G., J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard Medical School (M. Spatola), Cambridge, MA; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience (M.P.P.), University of Bordeaux, France; Neurology Division (M. Simabukuro), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil; Centre de Référence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et des Encéphalites Autoimmunes (S.M.-C., A.L.P., J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INMG, Inserm U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, France; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), Department of Neuropediatrics (J.S.), and Department of Neuroradiology (P.S.), University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein and General Neurology Division (L.A.D.), Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS (R.I.), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.K.), University Hospital Bonn; Epilepsy Center Bethel (C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., P.S.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.R.R., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; University Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.

Myrna R Rosenfeld (MR)

From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (M. Spatola, M.P.P., E.M., M.R.R., F.G., J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard Medical School (M. Spatola), Cambridge, MA; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience (M.P.P.), University of Bordeaux, France; Neurology Division (M. Simabukuro), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil; Centre de Référence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et des Encéphalites Autoimmunes (S.M.-C., A.L.P., J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INMG, Inserm U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, France; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), Department of Neuropediatrics (J.S.), and Department of Neuroradiology (P.S.), University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein and General Neurology Division (L.A.D.), Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS (R.I.), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.K.), University Hospital Bonn; Epilepsy Center Bethel (C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., P.S.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.R.R., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; University Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.

Francesc Graus (F)

From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (M. Spatola, M.P.P., E.M., M.R.R., F.G., J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard Medical School (M. Spatola), Cambridge, MA; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience (M.P.P.), University of Bordeaux, France; Neurology Division (M. Simabukuro), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil; Centre de Référence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et des Encéphalites Autoimmunes (S.M.-C., A.L.P., J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INMG, Inserm U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, France; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), Department of Neuropediatrics (J.S.), and Department of Neuroradiology (P.S.), University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein and General Neurology Division (L.A.D.), Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS (R.I.), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.K.), University Hospital Bonn; Epilepsy Center Bethel (C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., P.S.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.R.R., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; University Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.

Josep Dalmau (J)

From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (M. Spatola, M.P.P., E.M., M.R.R., F.G., J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard Medical School (M. Spatola), Cambridge, MA; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience (M.P.P.), University of Bordeaux, France; Neurology Division (M. Simabukuro), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil; Centre de Référence des Syndromes Neurologiques Paranéoplasiques et des Encéphalites Autoimmunes (S.M.-C., A.L.P., J.H.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INMG, Inserm U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, France; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), Department of Neuropediatrics (J.S.), and Department of Neuroradiology (P.S.), University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein and General Neurology Division (L.A.D.), Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS (R.I.), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.K.), University Hospital Bonn; Epilepsy Center Bethel (C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.J.T., P.S.S.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.R.R., J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; University Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.

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