The genetics of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtype H5 in Germany, 2006-2020.
Animals
Animals, Wild
/ virology
Birds
/ virology
Disease Outbreaks
/ veterinary
Germany
/ epidemiology
Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus
/ genetics
Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype
/ classification
Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype
/ classification
Influenza A virus
/ classification
Influenza in Birds
/ epidemiology
Phylogeny
Poultry
/ virology
Reassortant Viruses
/ classification
Clade 2.2
Clade 2.3.4.4
HPAIV
highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses
reassortment
subtype H5
Journal
Transboundary and emerging diseases
ISSN: 1865-1682
Titre abrégé: Transbound Emerg Dis
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 101319538
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
May 2021
May 2021
Historique:
revised:
03
09
2020
received:
18
06
2020
accepted:
12
09
2020
pubmed:
24
9
2020
medline:
16
6
2021
entrez:
23
9
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The H5 A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (gs/GD) lineage emerged in China in 1996. Rooted in the respective gs/GD lineage, the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) has genetically diversified into a plethora of clades and subclades and evolved into an assortment of sub- and genotypes. Some caused substantial losses in the poultry industry and had a major impact on wild bird populations alongside public health implications due to a zoonotic potential of certain clades. After the primary introduction of the HPAI H5N1 gs/GD lineage into Europe in autumn 2005 and winter 2005/2006, Germany has seen recurring incursions of four varying H5Nx subtypes (H5N1, H5N8, H5N5, H5N6) carrying multiple distinct reassortants, all descendants of the gs/GD virus. The first HPAIV H5 epidemic in Germany during 2006/2007 was caused by a clade 2.2 subtype H5N1 virus. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed three distinct clusters belonging to clades 2.2.1, 2.2.2 and 2.2, concurring with geographic and temporal structures. From 2014 onwards, HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4 has dominated the epidemiological situation in Germany. The initial clade 2.3.4.4a HPAIV H5N8, reaching Germany in November 2014, caused a limited epidemic affecting five poultry holdings, one zoo in Northern Germany and few wild birds. After November 2016, HPAIV of clade 2.3.4.4b have dominated the situation to date. The most extensive HPAIV H5 epidemic on record reached Germany in winter 2016/2017, encompassing multiple incursion events with two subtypes (H5N8, H5N5) and entailing five reassortants. A novel H5N6 clade 2.3.4.4b strain affected Germany from December 2017 onwards, instigating low-level infection in smallholdings and wild birds. Recently, in spring 2020, a novel incursion of a genetically distinct HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 virus caused another epidemic in Europe, which affected a small number of poultry holdings, one zoo and two wild birds throughout Germany.
Substances chimiques
Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1136-1150Subventions
Organisme : Horizon 2020
ID : 727922
Organisme : Horizon 2020
ID : 874735
Informations de copyright
© 2020 The Authors. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.
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