First-food systems transformations and the ultra-processing of infant and young child diets: The determinants, dynamics and consequences of the global rise in commercial milk formula consumption.
breastmilk substitutes
commercial determinants of health
infant and young child feeding
infant formula
marketing
nutrition transition
Journal
Maternal & child nutrition
ISSN: 1740-8709
Titre abrégé: Matern Child Nutr
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101201025
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
04 2021
04 2021
Historique:
revised:
25
09
2020
received:
03
07
2020
accepted:
27
09
2020
pubmed:
5
11
2020
medline:
29
7
2021
entrez:
4
11
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The inappropriate marketing and aggressive promotion of breastmilk substitutes (BMS) undermines breastfeeding and harms child and maternal health in all country contexts. Although a global milk formula 'sales boom' is reportedly underway, few studies have investigated its dynamics and determinants. This study takes two steps. First, it describes trends and patterns in global formula sales volumes (apparent consumption), by country income and region. Data are reported for 77 countries, for the years 2005-19, and for the standard (0-6 months), follow-up (7-12 m), toddler (13-36 m), and special (0-6 m) categories. Second, it draws from the literature to understand how transformations underway in first-food systems - those that provision foods for children aged 0-36 months - explain the global transition to higher formula diets. Total world formula sales grew by 115% between 2005 and 2019, from 3.5 to 7.4 kg/child, led by highly-populated middle-income countries. Growth was rapid in South East and East Asia, especially in China, which now accounts for one third of world sales. This transition is linked with factors that generate demand for BMS, including rising incomes, urbanisation, the changing nature of woman's work, social norms, media influences and medicalisation. It also reflects the globalization of the baby food industry and its supply chains, including the increasing intensity and sophistication of its marketing practices. Policy and regulatory frameworks designed to protect, promote and support breastfeeding are partially or completely inadequate in the majority of countries, hence supporting industry expansion over child nutrition. The results raise serious concern for global child and maternal health.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33145965
doi: 10.1111/mcn.13097
pmc: PMC7988871
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
e13097Informations de copyright
© 2020 The Authors. Maternal & Child Nutrition published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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