The combined measurement of high-sensitivity cardiac troponins and natriuretic peptides: a useful tool for clinicians?
Journal
Journal of cardiovascular medicine (Hagerstown, Md.)
ISSN: 1558-2035
Titre abrégé: J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown)
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101259752
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Dec 2020
Dec 2020
Historique:
entrez:
6
11
2020
pubmed:
7
11
2020
medline:
20
5
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
: An enormous amount of experimental and clinical evidence has clearly shown that the measurement of cardio-specific biomarkers is able to significantly and independently improve the diagnostic accuracy and risk stratification in cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, many recent studies have reported that the measurement of cardio-specific biomarkers has a positive impact also on the management and outcome of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Considering the significant and independent information associated with cardio-specific biomarkers, several studies have recently reported that the combined dosage of natriuretic peptides and cardiac troponins may be convenient not only for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of heart disease, but also for general screening of the population for individuals with high cardiovascular risk. Due to the higher cost of cardio-specific biomarkers compared with other laboratory tests, the clinical adequacy of the combined measurement of natriuretic peptides and cardiac troponins must be carefully evaluated. Consequently, an increase in the clinical use of a laboratory test should be based not only on the favorable pathophysiological characteristics of a biomarker, but also on the high performance of the methods used for biomarker dosing. The purpose of this review is to discuss the clinical relevance and the possible cost efficiency of the combined dosage of natriuretic peptides and cardiac troponins in some clinical conditions, in particular those most frequently observed in patients with critical illnesses admitted to the emergency room.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33156589
doi: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000001022
pii: 01244665-202012000-00004
doi:
Substances chimiques
Biomarkers
0
Natriuretic Peptides
0
Troponin
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
953-963Références
Vittorini S, Clerico A. Cardiovascular biomarkers: increasing impact of laboratory medicine in cardiology practice. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008; 46:748–763.
Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2017 ACCF/AHA/HFSA focused update for the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation 2017; 136:e137–e161.
Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 2016; 18:891–975.
Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 72:2231–2264.
Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: task force for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2016; 37:267–315.
Wu AHB, Christenson RH, Greene DN, et al. Clinical laboratory practice recommendations for the use of cardiac troponin in acute coronary syndrome: expert opinion from the Academy of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry and the Task Force on Clinical Applications of Cardiac Bio-Markers of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Clin Chem 2018; 64:645–655.
Emdin M, Vittorini S, Passino C, Clerico A. Old and new biomarkers of heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2009; 11:331–335.
Giannoni A, Giovannini S, Clerico A. Measurement of circulating concentrations of cardiac troponin I and T in healthy subjects: a tool for monitoring myocardial tissue renewal? Clin Chem Lab Med 2009; 47:1167–1177.
Braunwald E. Heart failure. JAAC Heart Fail 2013; 1:1–20.
Passino C, Barison A, Vergaro G, et al. Markers of fibrosis, inflammation, and remodeling pathways in heart failure. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 443:29–38.
Clerico A, Passino C, Franzini M, Emdin M. Cardiac biomarker testing in the clinical laboratory: where do we stand? General overview of the methodology with special emphasis on natriuretic peptides. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 443:17–24.
Clerico A, Ripoli A, Zaninotto M, et al. Head-to-head comparison of plasma cTnI concentration values measured with three high-sensitivity methods in a large Italian population of healthy volunteers and patients admitted to emergency department with acute coronary syndrome: a multi-center study. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 496:25–34.
Aspromonte N, Gulizia MM, Clerico A, et al. ANMCO/ELAS/SIBioC consensus document: biomarkers in heart failure. Eur Heart J Suppl 2017; 19: (Suppl D): D102–D112.
Passino C, Aimo A, Masotti S, et al. Cardiac troponins and high sensitivity methods as biomarkers for cardiac disease. Biomark Med 2019; 13:325–330.
Marjot J, Kaier TE, Martin ED, et al. Quantifying the release of biomarkers of myocardial necrosis from cardiac myocytes and intact myocardium. Clin Chem 2017; 63:990–996.
Bergmann O, Zdunek S, Felker A, et al. Dynamics of cell generation and turnover in the human heart. Cell 2015; 161:1566–1575.
Lázár E, Sadek HA, Bergmann O. Cardiomyocyte renewal in the human heart: insights from the fall-out. Eur Heart J 2017; 38:2333–2342.
Sandoval Y, Apple FS. The global need to define normality: the 99th percentile value of cardiac troponin. Clin Chem 2014; 60:455–462.
Franzini M, Lorenzoni V, Masotti S, et al. The calculation of the cardiac troponin T 99th percentile of the reference population is affected by age, gender, and population selection: a multicenter study in Italy. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 438:376–381.
Clerico A, Zaninotto M, Ripoli M, et al. The 99th percentile of reference population for cTnI and cTnT assay: methodology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 55:1634–1651.
Morgenthaler NG, Struck J, Thomas B, Bergmann A. Immunoluminometric assay for the midregion of pro-atrial natriuretic peptide inhuman plasma. Clin Chem 2004; 50:234–236.
Prontera C, Zucchelli CG, Vittorini S, Storti S, Emdin M, Clerico A. Comparison between analytical performances of polyclonal and monoclonal electrochemiluminescence immunoassays for NT-proBNP. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 400:70–73.
Clerico A, Zaninotto M, Prontera C, et al. State of the art of BNP and NT-prorBNP immunoassays: the CardioOrmoCheck study. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 414:112–119.
Clerico A, Del Ry S, Maffei S, Prontera C, Emdin M, Gianessi D. Circulating levels of cardiac natriuretic hormones in healthy adults: effect of age and sex. Clin Chem Lab Med 2002; 40:371–377.
Clerico A, Fontana M, Vittorini S, Emdin M. The search for a pathophysiological link between gender, cardiac endocrine function, body mass regulation and cardiac mortality: proposal for a working hypothesis. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 405:1–7.
Emdin A, Passino C, Prontera C, et al. Comparison of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and amino-terminal proBNP for early diagnosis of heart failure. Clin Chem 2007; 53:1289–1297.
Mueller C, McDonald K, de Boer RA, et al. Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology practical guidance on the use of natriuretic peptide concentrations. Eur J Heart Fail 2019; 21:715–731.
Sze J, Mooney J, Barzi F, Hillis GS, Chow CK. Cardiac troponin and its relationship to cardiovascular outcomes in community populations–a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Lung Circ 2016; 25:217–228.
Willeit P, Welsh P, Evans JDW, et al. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin concentration and risk of first-ever cardiovascular outcomes in 154,052 participants. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:558–568.
van der Linden N, Klinkenberg LJ, Bekers O, et al. Prognostic value of basal high-sensitive cardiac troponin levels on mortality in the general population: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5703.
Thorsteinsdottir I, Aspelund T, Gudmundsson E, et al. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I is a strong predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality in the AGES-Reykjavik community-based cohort of older individuals. Clin Chem 2016; 62:623–630.
Blankenberg S, Salomaa V, Makarova N, et al. Troponin I and cardiovascular risk prediction in the general population: the BiomarCaRE consortium. Eur Heart J 2016; 37:2428–2437.
Hughes MF, Ojeda F, Saarela O, et al. Association of repeatedly measured high-sensitivity-assayed troponin I with cardiovascular disease events in a general population from the MORGAM/BiomarCaRE Study. Clin Chem 2017; 63:334–342.
Zhu K, Knuiman M, Divitini M, et al. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I and risk of cardiovascular disease in an Australian population-based cohort. Heart 2018; 104:895–903.
Neumann JT, Twerenbold R, Ojeda F, et al. Application of high-sensitivity troponin in suspected myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:2529–2540.
Sigurdardottir FD, Lynbakken MN, Holmen OL, et al. Relative prognostic value of cardiac troponin I and C-reactive protein in the general population [from the Nord-Trøndelag Health (HUNT) Study]. Am J Cardiol 2018; 121:949–955.
Welsh P, Preiss D, Shah ASV, et al. Comparison between high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T and cardiac troponin I in a large general population cohort. Clin Chem 2018; 64:1607–1616.
Hammarsten O, Fu MLX, Sigurjonsdottir R, et al. Troponin T percentiles from a random population sample, emergency room patients and patients with myocardial infarction. Clin Chem 2012; 58:619–627.
Irfan A, Twerenbold R, Reiter M, et al. Determinants of high-sensitivity troponin T among patients with a noncardiac cause of chest pain. Am J Med 2012; 125:491–498.e1.
Lee KK, Noaman A, Vaswani A, et al. Prevalence, determinants, and clinical associations of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin in patients attending emergency departments. Am J Med 2019; 132:110.e9–110.e21.
Cediel G, Gonzalez-Del-Hoyo M, Carrasquer A, Sanchez R, Boqué C, Bardají A. Outcomes with type 2 myocardial infarction compared with non-ischaemic myocardial injury. Heart 2017; 103:616–622.
Cediel G, Sandoval Y, Sexter A, et al. Risk estimation in type 2 myocardial infarction and myocardial injury: the TARRACO risk score. Am J Med 2019; 132:217–226.
Thygesen K, Mair J, Mueller C, et al. Recommendations for the use of natriuretic peptides in acute cardiac care: a position statement from the study group on biomarkers in cardiology of the ESC working group on acute cardiac care. Eur Heart J 2012; 33:2001–2006.
Steen H, Futterer S, Merten C, Jünger C, Katus HA, Giannitsis E. Relative role of NT-proBNP and cardiac troponin T at 96 hours for estimation of infarct size and left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2007; 9:749–758.
Mayr A, Mair J, Schocke M, et al. Predicitve value of NT-pro BNP after acute myocardial infarction: relation with acute and chronic infarct size and myocardial function. Int J Cardiol 2011; 147:118–123.
Jarai R, Fellner B, Haoula D, et al. Early assessment of outcome in cardiogenic shock: relevance of plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and interleukin-6 levels. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:1873–1944.
Rozen G, Hosseini SM, Kaaden MI, et al. Emergency department visits for atrial fibrillation in the United States: trends in admission rates and economic burden from 2007 to 2014. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e009024.
Violi F, Soliman EZ, Pignatelli P, Pastori D. Atrial Fibrillation and myocardial infarction: a systematic review and appraisal of pathophysiologic mechanisms. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e003347.
Ruddox V, Sandven I, Munkhaugen J, Skattebu J, Edvardsen T, Otterstad JE. Atrial fibrillation and the risk for myocardial infarction, all-cause mortality and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017; 24:1555–1566.
Chang KW, Hsu JC, Toomu A, Fox S, Maisel AS. Clinical applications of biomarkers in atrial fibrillation. Am J Med 2017; 130:1351–1357.
Oikonomou E, Zografos T, Papamikroulis G-A, et al. Biomarkers in atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:873–877.
Schnabel RB, Larson MG, Yamamoto JF, et al. Relations of biomarkers of distinct pathophysiological pathways and atrial fibrillation incidence in the community. Circulation 2010; 121:200–207.
Filion KB, Agarwal SK, Ballantyne CM, et al. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am Heart J 2015; 169:31–38.e3.
Hussein AA, Bartz TM, Gottdiener JS, et al. Serial measures of cardiac troponin T levels by a highly sensitive assay and incident atrial fibrillation in a prospective cohort of ambulatory older adults. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12:879–885.
Rienstra M, Yin X, Larson MG, et al. Relation between soluble ST2, growth differentiation factor-15, and high-sensitivity troponin I and incident atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J 2014; 167:109–115.e2.
McCarthy CP, Yousuf O, Alonso A, Selvin E, Calkins H, McEvoy JW. High-sensitivity troponin as a biomarker in heart rhythm disease. Am J Cardiol 2017; 119:1407–1413.
Mollmann H, Weber M, Elsässer A, et al. NT-ProBNP predicts rhythm stability after cardioversion of lone atrial fibrillation. Circ J 2008; 72:921–925.
Danicek V, Theodorovich N, Bar-Chaim S, et al. Sinus rhythm restoration after atrial fibrillation: the clinical value of N-terminal pro-BNP measurements. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2008; 31:955–960.
Shin D-I, Jaekel K, Schley Ph, et al. Plasma levels of NT-pro-BNP in patients with atrial fibrillation before and after electrical cardioversion. Z Kardiol 2005; 94:795–800.
Buob A, Jung J, Siaplaouras S, Neuberger HR, Mewis C. Discordant regulation of CRP and NT-proBNP plasma levels after electrical cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2006; 29:559–563.
Kallergis EM, Manios EG, Kanoupakis EM, et al. Effect of sinus rhythm restoration after electrical cardioversion on apelin and brain natriuretic peptide prohormone levels in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2010; 105:90–94.
Fan Y, Zhao X, Li X, Li N, Hu X. Cardiac troponin and adverse outcomes in atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 477:48–52.
Costabel JP, Burgos LM, Trivi M. The significance of troponin elevation in atrial fibrillation. J Atr Fibrillation 2017; 9:1530.
Parwani AS, Boldt LH, Huemer M, et al. Atrial fibrillation-induced cardiac troponin I release. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:2743–2747.
Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guidelines for the evaluation and management of syncope: excecutive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines and heart rhythm society. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:620–663.
Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. Practical instructions for the 2018 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J 2018; 39:e43–e80.
Thiruganasambandamoorthy V, Ramaekers R, Rahman MO, et al. Prognostic value of cardiac biomarkers in the risk stratification of syncope: a systematic review. Intern Emerg Med 2015; 10:1003–1014.
du Fay de Lavallaz J, Badertscher P, Nestelberger T, et al. B-Type Natriuretic Peptides and Cardiac Troponins for Diagnosis and Risk-Stratification of Syncope [published online ahead of print, 2019 Feb 25]. Circulation. 2019; 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038358.
Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Beccatini C, et al. 2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Heart J 2020; 41:543–603.
Bajaj A, Saleeb M, Rathor P, Sehgal V, Kabak B, Hosur S. Prognostic value of troponins in acute nonmassive pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Heart Lung 2015; 44:327–334.
Lankeit M, Friesen D, Aschoff J, et al. Highly sensitive troponin T assay in normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 2010; 31:1836–1844.
Klok FA, Mos IC, Huisman MV. Brain-type natriuretic peptide levels in the prediction of adverse outcome in patients with pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:425–430.
Mehiniratta P, Chapman Smith S, Worrall BB. Etiologic stroke subtypes: updated definition and efficient workup strategies. Curr Treat Opinions Cardiovasc Med 2015; 17:357.
Hyperaci G, Spini A, Roberto G, et al. A systematic review of case-identification algorithms based on Italian Healthcare Administrative Databases for three relevant diseases of the cardiovascular system: ccute myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and stroke. Epidemiol Prev 2019; 43:37–50.
Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 Guidelines for the early management of patients wth acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2018; 49:e46–e99.
Saenger AK, Christenson RH. Stroke biomarkers: progress and challenges for diagnosis, prognosis, differentiation, and treatment. Clin Chem 2010; 56:21–33.
Monbailliu T, Goossens J, Hachimi-Idrissi S. Blood protein biomarkers as diagnostic tool for ischemic stroke: a systematic review. Biomark Med 2017; 11:503–512.
Wira CR, Rivera E, Martinez-Capolino C, et al. Cardiac complications in acute ischemic stroke. West J Emerg Med 2011; 12:414–420.
Gunnoo T, Hasan N, Khan MS, Slark J, Bentley P, Sharma P. Quantifying the risk of heart disease following acute ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of over 50,000 participants. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e009535.
Chen Z, Venkat P, Seyfried D, Chopp M, Yan T, Chen J. Brain-heart interaction: cardiac complications after stroke. Circ Res 2017; 12:451–468.
Manea MM, Comsa M, Minca A, Dragos D, Popa C. Brain-heart axis–review article. J Med Life 2015; 8:266–271.
Agewall S, Giannitsis E, Jernberg T, Katus H. Troponin elevation in coronary vs. noncoronary disease. Eur Heart J 2011; 32:404–411.
Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannet WB. Atrial fibrillation: a major contributor to stroke in the elderly: the Framingam study. Arch Intren Med 1987; 147:1561–1564.
Lip GYH, Lane DA. Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. JAMA 2015; 313:1950–1962.
Tamura H, Watanabe T, Nishiyama S, et al. Elevated plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels predict left atrial appendage dysfunction in patients with acute ischemic stroke. J Cardiol 2012; 60:126–132.
Nigro N, Wildi K, Mueller C, et al. BNP but not s-cTnln is associated with cardioembolic aetiology and predicts short and long term prognosis after cerebrovascular events. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102704.
Llombart V, Antolin-Fontes A, Bustamante A, et al. Natriuretic peptides help in cardioembolic stroke diagnosis: pooled data meta-analysis. Stroke 2015; 46:1187–1195.
Plas GJJ, Jurg SD, Brusser-Keizer M, et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels are increased in patients with transient ischemic attack accompanied by nonfocal symptoms. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:e002072.
Perrone MA, Intorcia A, Morgagni R, et al. Primary cardiac lymphoma: the role of multimodality imaging. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2018; 19:455–458.
Gregorio T, Albuquerque I, Neves V, et al. NT-pro-BNP correlates with disease severity and predicts outcome in cerebral haemorrhage patients cohort study. J Neurol Sci 2019; 399:51–56.
Tomich C, Liegey JS, Sagnier S, et al. Contribution of routine cardiac biological markers to the etiological workup of ischemic stroke. Am J Emerg Med 2019; 37:194–198.
Rodrìguez-Castro E, Hervella P, Lòpez-Dequidt I, et al. NT-pro-BNP: a novel predictor of stroke risk after transient ischemic attack. Int J Cardiol 2019; 298:93–97.
Fan Y, Jiang M, Gong D, Man C, Chen Y. Cardiac troponin for predicting all-cause mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171178.
Zhang L, Wang Z, Qi S. Cardiac Troponin elevation and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2015; 24:2375–2384.
Sui Y, Liu T, Luo J, et al. Elevation of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T at admission is associated with increased 3-month mortality in acute ischemic stroke patients treated with thrombolysis. Clin Cardiol 2019; 42:881–888.
Cao YZ, Zhao LB, Liu S, et al. Prognostic value of elevated high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T levels in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with endovascular thrombectomy. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 64:145–149.
Jia X, Sun W, Hoogeveen RC, et al. High-sensitivity Troponin I and incident coronary events, stroke, heart failure hospitalization, and mortality in the ARIC Study. Circulation 2019; 139:2642–2653.
Scheitz JF, Nolte CH, Laufs U, Endres M. Application and interpretation of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2015; 46:1132–1140.
Faiz KW, Thommessen B, Einvik G, Brekke PH, Omland T, Rønning OM. Determinants of high sensitivity cardiac troponin T elevation in acute ischemic stroke. BMC Neurol 2014; 14:96.
Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP Jr, et al. American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; Council on Clinical Cardiology. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2013; 44:870–947.
Singer M, Deuschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The third international consensus definition for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 2016; 315:775–787.
Brun-Buisson C. The epidemiology of the systemic inflammatory response. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26:S64–S74.
Luhr R, Cao Y, Söderquist B, Cajander S. Trends in sepsis mortality over time in randomised sepsis trials: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of mortality in the control arm, 2002–2016. Crit Care 2019; 23:241.
Clerico A, Plebani M. Biomarkers for sepsis: an unfinished journey. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013; 51:1135–1138.
Maeder M, Fehr T, Rickli H, Ammann P. Sepsis-associated myocardial dysfunction: diagnostic and prognostic impact of cardiac troponins and natriuretic peptides. Chest 2006; 129:1349–1366.
Genga KR, Russel JA. Upadate of sepsis in the intensive care unit. J Innate Immun 2017; 9:441–455.
Hochstadt A, Meroz Y, Landesberg G. Myocardial dysfunction in severe sepsis and septic shock: more questions than answers? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2011; 25:526–535.
Castillo JR, Zagler A, Carrillo-Jimenez R, Hennekens CH. Brain natriuretic peptide: a potential marker for mortality in septic shock. Int J Infect Dis 2004; 8:271–274.
Turner KL, Moore LJ, Todd SR, et al. Identification of cardiac dysfunction in sepsis with B-type natriuretic peptide. J Am Coll Surg 2011; 213:139–146.
Varpula M, Pulkki K, Karlsson S, Ruokonen E, Pettil V. FINNSEPSIS Study Group. Predictive value of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:1277–1283.
Post F, Weilemann LS, Messow CM, Sinning C, Munzel T. B-type natriuretic peptide as a marker for sepsis-induced myocardial depression in intensive care patients. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:3030–3037.
Perman SM, Chang AM, Hollander JE, et al. Relationship between B-type Natriuretic Peptide and adverse outcome in patients with clinical evidence of sepsis presenting to the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2011; 18:219–222.
De Geer L, Fredrikson M, Oscarsson A. Amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide as a predictor of outcome in patients admitted to intensive care: a prospective observational study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2012; 29:275–279.
Wang F, Wu Y, Tang L, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide for prediction of mortality in patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2012; 16:R74.
Klouche K, Pommet S, Amigues L, et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide and troponin levels in severe sepsis and septic shock: relationships with systolic myocardial dysfunction and intensive care unit mortality. J Intensive Care Med 2014; 29:229–237.
Papanikolaou J, Makris D, Mpaka M, Palli E, Zygoulis P, Zakynthinos E. New insights into the mechanisms involved in B-type natriuretic peptide elevation and its prognostic value in septic patients. Crit Care 2014; 18:R94.
Wu JR, Chen IC, Dai ZK, Hung JF, Hsu JH. Early elevated B-type natriuretic peptide levels are associated with cardiac dysfunction and poor clinical outcome in pediatric septic patients. Acta Cardiol Sin 2015; 31:485–493.
Khoury J, Arow M, Elias A, et al. The prognostic value of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in non-cardiac patients with sepsis, ultra-long follow-up. J Crit Care 2017; 42:117–122.
Bai Y-L, Hu B-L, Wen H-C, Zhang Y-L, Zhu J-J. Prognostic value of plasma brain natriuretic peptide value for patients with sepsis: a meta-analysis. J Crit Care 2018; 48:145–152.
Kakoullis L, Giannopoulou E, Papachristodoulou E, et al. The utility of brain natriuretic peptides in septic shock as markers for mortality and cardiac dysfunction: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pract 2019; 73:e13374.
Latini R, Caironi P, Masson S. Cardiac dysfunction and circulating cardiac markers during sepsis. Minerva Anestesiol 2016; 82:697–710.
Hussein N. Elevated cardiac troponins in setting of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, and septic shock. ISRN Cardiol 2013; 2013:723435.
Saad YM, McEwan J, Shugman IM, et al. Use of a high-sensitivity troponin T assay in the assessment and disposition of patients attending a tertiary Australian emergency department: a cross-sectional pilot study. Emerg Med Australas 2015; 27:405–411.
Vallabhajosyula S, Kakhuja A, Geske JB, et al. Role of admission troponin-T and serial troponin-T testing in predicting outcomes in severe sepsis and septic shock. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:e005930.
Yang CW, Li H, Thomas L, et al. Retrospective cause analysis of troponin I elevation in non-CAD patients: special emphasis on sepsis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8027.
Andersson P, Frigyesi A. High-sensitivity troponin T is an important independent predictor in addition to the Simplified Acute Physiology Score for short-term ICU mortality, particularly in patients with sepsis. J Crit Care 2019; 53:218–222.
Ehrman RR, Sullivan AN, Favot MJ, et al. Pathophysiology, echocardiographic evaluation, biomarker findings, and prognostic implications of septic cardiomyopathy: a review of the literature. Crit Care 2018; 22:112.
Frencken JF, Donker DW, Koster-Brouwer ME, et al. Myocardial injury in patients with sepsis and its association with long-term outcome. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcome 2018; 11:e004040.
Frencken JF, van Baal L, Kappen TH, et al. Myocardial injury in critically ill patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a cohort study. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2019; 16:606–612.
Kim JS, Kim M, Kim YJ, et al. Troponin testing for assessing sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction in patients with septic shock. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E239.
Masson S, Caironi P, Fanizza C, et al. Albumin Italian Outcome Sepsis Study Investigators. Sequential N-Terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin measurements during albumin replacement in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Crit Care Med 2016; 44:707–716.
Sheyin O, Davies O, Duan W, Perez X. The prognostic significance of troponin elevation in patients with sepsis: a meta-analysis. Heart Lung 2015; 44:75–81.
Frencken JF, Donker DW, Spitoni C, et al. Myocardial injury in patients with sepsis and its association with long-term outcome. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2018; 11:e004040.
Shah M, Patnaik S, Maludum O, et al. Mortality in sepsis: comparison of outcomes between patients with demand ischemia, acute myocardial infarction, and neither demand ischemia nor acute myocardial infarction. Clin Cardiol 2018; 41:936–944.
Landes U, Bental T, Orvin K, et al. Type 2 m ocardial infarction: a descriptive analysis and comparison with type 1 myocardial infarction. J Cardiol 2016; 67:51–56.
Mair J, Lindahl B, Hammarsten O, et al. How is cardiac troponin released from injured myocardium? Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2018; 7:553–560.
DeFilippis AP, Chapman AR, Mills NL, et al. Assessment and treatment of patients with Type 2 myocardial infarction and acute nonischemic myocardial injury. Circulation 2019; 140:1661–1678.
Lanza GA, Melita V, Mencarelli E, et al. Characteristics and in-hospital outcome of patients with no ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome and no obstructive coronary artery disease in the era of high-sensitivity troponins. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2019; 20:210–214.
Dahhan A. Type 2 myocardial infarction: a grim diagnosis with different shades of gray. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2019; 20:510–517.
Shah NR, Bienierz MC, Basra SS. Serum biomarkers in severe refractory cardiogenic shock. JAAC Heart Fail 2013; 1:200–206.
Hejmdal A, Boesgaard S, Lindholm M, Goetze JP. B-type natriuretic peptide and its molecular precursor in myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. J Card Fail 2007; 13:184–188.
Lippi G, Mattiuzzi C, Sanchis-Gomar F. Routine cardiac troponin assessment after percutaneous coronary intervention: useful or hype? J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2019; 20:495–499.
Rocco E, La Rosa G, Liuzzo G, Biasucci LM. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays and acute coronary syndrome: a matter of sex? J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2019; 20:504–509.