Heat Analysis of Different Devices for Thermo-explantation of Dental Implants: A Numeric Analysis and Preclinical In Vitro Model.

Thermal treatment may reverse the osseointegration of implants and could become an atraumatic controlled method for implant removal in the future. The aim of this nonrandom in vitro study was to empirically identify suitable sources for a controlled heating process, to generate a homogenous temperature distribution at a threshold level of 47°C for future in vivo research. Two different setups evaluating 4 different sources (water, laser, monopolar, and an electrical joule heater device) were used to carry out infrared measurements and numerical calculations at 47°C along the implant axis and along the peri-implant area at the axial plane. Furthermore, required time intervals to heat up the implant tip from 33°C to 47°C were determined. The monopolar electric device led to the most uneven and unpredictable implant heating and was therefore excluded. The thermal analysis suggested identical thermal distributions without any significant differences for water and electrical joule sources with a heat maximum at the implant shoulder (P > .05). On the other hand, the laser device may produce the temperature maximum in the middle of the implant without any afterglow effect (P < .01). When the implant was heated from 33°C to 47°C, the water device indicated the fastest approach. Thermal distributions of water and laser sources may be suitable for clinical applications. For future research, numerical analysis suggests an ideal time interval of 120 seconds to 180 seconds for a homogenous implant temperature of 47°C.