Osmoregulation and its actions during the drought stress in plants.
Journal
Physiologia plantarum
ISSN: 1399-3054
Titre abrégé: Physiol Plant
Pays: Denmark
ID NLM: 1256322
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Jun 2021
Jun 2021
Historique:
revised:
07
11
2020
received:
01
09
2020
accepted:
01
12
2020
pubmed:
7
12
2020
medline:
1
6
2021
entrez:
6
12
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Drought stress, which causes a decline in quality and quantity of crop yields, has become more accentuated these days due to climatic change. Serious measures need to be taken to increase the tolerance of crop plants to acute drought conditions likely to occur due to global warming. Drought stress causes many physiological and biochemical changes in plants, rendering the maintenance of osmotic adjustment highly crucial. The degree of plant resistance to drought varies with plant species and cultivars, phenological stages of the plant, and the duration of plant exposure to the stress. Osmoregulation in plants under low water potential relies on synthesis and accumulation of osmoprotectants or osmolytes such as soluble proteins, sugars, and sugar alcohols, quaternary ammonium compounds, and amino acids, like proline. This review highlights the role of osmolytes in water-stressed plants and of enzymes entailed in their metabolism. It will be useful, especially for researchers working on the development of drought-resistant crops by using the metabolic-engineering techniques.
Substances chimiques
Water
059QF0KO0R
Proline
9DLQ4CIU6V
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1321-1335Informations de copyright
© 2020 Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society.
Références
Abdalla, M.M. & El-Khoshiban, N. (2007) The influence of water stress on growth, relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, some metabolic and hormonal contents of two Triticium aestivum cultivars. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 3(12), 2062-2074.
Ahmad, P., Hameed, A., Abd-Allah, E.F., Sheikh, S.A., Wani, M.R., Rasool, S., et al. (2014) Biochemical and molecular approaches for drought tolerance in plants. In: Physiological mechanisms and adaptation strategies in plants under changing environment. New york: Springer, pp. 1-29.
Ahmad, P., Wani, M.R., Azooz, M.M. & Tran, L.-S.P. (2014) Improvement of crops in the era of climatic changes, Vol. 1. New York: Springer, p. 396.
Ahmad, R., Kim, Y.H., Kim, M.D., Kwon, S.Y., Cho, K., Lee, H.S., et al. (2010) Simultaneous expression of choline oxidase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase in potato plant chloroplasts provides synergistically enhanced protection against various abiotic stresses. Physiologia Plantarum, 138(4), 520-533.
Ahmed, C.B., Rouina, B.B., Sensoy, S., Boukhris, M. & Abdallah, F.B. (2009) Changes in gas exchange, proline accumulation and antioxidative enzyme activities in three olive cultivars under contrasting water availability regimes. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 67(2), 345-352.
Ahuja, I., de Vos, R.C., Bones, A.M. & Hall, R.D. (2010) Plant molecular stress responses face climate change. Trends in Plant Science, 15(12), 664-674.
Akhtar, S.S., Amby, D.B., Hegelund, J.N., Fimognari, L., Großkinsky, D.K., Westergaard, J.C., et al. (2020) Bacillus licheniformis FMCH001 increases water use efficiency via growth stimulation in both normal and drought conditions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 297.
Akram, N.A., Waseem, M., Ameen, R. & Ashraf, M. (2016) Trehalose pretreatment induces drought tolerance in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) plants: some key physio-biochemical traits. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 38, 3.
Akshita, C., Nandini, T., Sumedha, M. & Trishang, U. (2018) Variation in reducing sugar and proline content of Saraca asoca due to air pollution. Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology, 7(2), 75-81.
Alcázar, R., Altabella, T., Marco, F., Bortolotti, C., Reymond, M., Koncz, C., et al. (2010) Polyamines: molecules with regulatory functions in plant abiotic stress tolerance. Planta, 231(6), 1237-1249.
Alcázar, R., Marco, F., Cuevas, J.C., Patron, M., Ferrando, A., Carrasco, P., et al. (2006) Involvement of polyamines in plant response to abiotic stress. Biotechnology Letters, 28(23), 1867-1876.
Ali, Q., Ali, S., Iqbal, N., Javed, M.T., Rizwan, M., Khaliq, R., et al. (2019) Alpha-tocopherol fertigation confers growth physio-biochemical and qualitative yield enhancement in field grown water deficit wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1-15.
Ali, Q. & Ashraf, M. (2011) Induction of drought tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) due to exogenous application of trehalose: growth, photosynthesis, water relations and oxidative defence mechanism. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 197(4), 258-271.
Anil Kumar, S., Hima Kumari, P., Shravan Kumar, G., Mohanalatha, C. & Kavi Kishor, P. (2015) Osmotin: a plant sentinel and a possible agonist of mammalian adiponectin. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 163.
Anjum, S.A., Farooq, M., Xie, X.-y., X-j, L. & Ijaz, M.F. (2012) Antioxidant defense system and proline accumulation enables hot pepper to perform better under drought. Scientia Horticulturae, 140, 66-73.
Annunziata, M.G., Ciarmiello, L.F., Woodrow, P., Dell'Aversana, E. & Carillo, P. (2019) Spatial and temporal profile of glycine betaine accumulation in plants under abiotic stresses. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 230.
Arentson, B.W., Sanyal, N. & Becker, D.F. (2012) Substrate channeling in proline metabolism. Frontiers in Bioscience, 17, 375.
Arumingtyas, E.L. & Savitri, E.S. (2013) Protein profiles and dehydrin accumulation in some soybean varieties (Glycine max L. Merr) in drought stress conditions. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 4, 134-141.
Ashraf, M. & Harris, P. (2004) Potential biochemical indicators of salinity tolerance in plants. Plant Science, 166(1), 3-16.
Ashraf, M. & Mehmood, S. (1990) Response of four Brassica species to drought stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 30(1), 93-100.
Aziz, A. & Larher, F. (1995) Changes in polyamine titers associated with the proline response and osmotic adjustment of rape leaf discs submitted to osmotic stresses. Plant Science, 112(2), 175-186.
Aziz, A., Martin-Tanguy, J. & Larher, F. (1998) Stress-induced changes in polyamine and tyramine levels can regulate proline accumulation in tomato leaf discs treated with sodium chloride. Physiologia Plantarum, 104(2), 195-202.
Azooz, M. (2004) Proteins, sugars and ion leakage as a selection criterion for the salt tolerance of three sorghum cultivars at seedling stage grown under NaCl and nicotinamide. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 6(1), 27-35.
Bae, H., Herman, E., Bailey, B., Bae, H.J. & Sicher, R. (2005) Exogenous trehalose alters Arabidopsis transcripts involved in cell wall modification, abiotic stress, nitrogen metabolism, and plant defense. Physiologia Plantarum, 125(1), 114-126.
Baich, A. (1971) The biosynthesis of proline in Escherichia coli phosphate-dependent glutamate γ-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NADP), the second enzyme in the pathway. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - General Subjects, 244(1), 129-134.
Bandurska, H., Niedziela, J., Pietrowska-Borek, M., Nuc, K., Chadzinikolau, T. & Radzikowska, D. (2017) Regulation of proline biosynthesis and resistance to drought stress in two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes of different origin. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 118, 427-437.
Banerjee, A. & Roychoudhury, A. (2016) Group II late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins: structural and functional aspects in plant abiotic stress. Plant Growth Regulation, 79(1), 1-17.
Bartels, D. & Sunkar, R. (2005) Drought and salt tolerance in plants. CRC Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 24(1), 23-58.
Begum, N., Ahanger, M.A., Su, Y., Lei, Y., Mustafa, N.S.A., Ahmad, P., et al. (2019) Improved drought tolerance by AMF inoculation in maize (Zea mays) involves physiological and biochemical implications. Plants, 8(12), 579.
Blum, A. (1996) Crop responses to drought and the interpretation of adaptation. In: Drought tolerance in higher plants: genetical, physiological and molecular biological analysis. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 57-70.
Blum, A. (2017) Osmotic adjustment is a prime drought stress adaptive engine in support of plant production. Plant, Cell and Environment, 40(1), 4-10.
Bonfig, K.B., Gabler, A., Simon, U.K., Luschin-Ebengreuth, N., Hatz, M., Berger, S., et al. (2010) Post-translational derepression of invertase activity in source leaves via down-regulation of invertase inhibitor expression is part of the plant defense response. Molecular Plant, 3(6), 1037-1048.
Bray, E.A. (1993) Molecular responses to water deficit. Plant Physiology, 103, 1035-1040.
Carillo, P., Mastrolonardo, G., Nacca, F., Parisi, D., Verlotta, A. & Fuggi, A. (2008) Nitrogen metabolism in durum wheat under salinity: accumulation of proline and glycine betaine. Functional Plant Biology, 35(5), 412-426.
Catola, S., Kaidala Ganesha, S.D., Calamai, L., Loreto, F., Ranieri, A. & Centritto, M. (2016) Headspace-solid phase microextraction approach for dimethylsulfoniopropionate quantification in Solanum lycopersicum plants subjected to water stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, 1257.
Chalmers, J., Lidgett, A., Cummings, N., Cao, Y., Forster, J. & Spangenberg, G. (2005) Molecular genetics of fructan metabolism in perennial ryegrass. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 3(5), 459-474.
Change IC (2014) Synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I. II and III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on Climate Change 151(10.1017)
Chowdhury, S., Basu, A. & Kundu, S. (2017) Overexpression of a new osmotin-like protein gene (SindOLP) confers tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses in sesame. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 410.
Das, M., Chauhan, H., Chhibbar, A., Haq, Q.M.R. & Khurana, P. (2011) High-efficiency transformation and selective tolerance against biotic and abiotic stress in mulberry, Morus indica cv. K2, by constitutive and inducible expression of tobacco osmotin. Transgenic Research, 20(2), 231-246.
Dawood, M.G. & Sadak, M.S. (2014) Physiological role of glycinebetaine in alleviating the deleterious effects of drought stress on canola plants (Brassica napus L.). Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, 3(4), 943-954.
de Moraes, M.G., de Carvalho, M.A.M., Franco, A.C., Pollock, C.J. & Figueiredo-Ribeiro, R.C.L. (2016) Fire and drought: soluble carbohydrate storage and survival mechanisms in herbaceous plants from the Cerrado. Bioscience, 66(2), 107-117.
Delauney, A.J. & Verma, D.P.S. (1993) Proline biosynthesis and osmoregulation in plants. The Plant Journal, 4(2), 215-223.
Dikilitas, M., Simsek, E. & Roychoudhury, A. (2020) Role of proline and glycine betaine in overcoming abiotic stresses. In: Protective chemical agents in the amelioration of plant abiotic stress: biochemical and molecular perspectives. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, pp. 1-23.
Djilianov, D., Ivanov, S., Moyankova, D., Miteva, L., Kirova, E., Alexieva, V., et al. (2011) Sugar ratios, glutathione redox status and phenols in the resurrection species Haberlea rhodopensis and the closely related non-resurrection species Chirita eberhardtii. Plant Biology, 13(5), 767-776.
Duman, F., Aksoy, A., Aydin, Z. & Temizgul, R. (2011) Effects of exogenous glycinebetaine and trehalose on cadmium accumulation and biological responses of an aquatic plant (Lemna gibba L.). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 217(1-4), 545-556.
Fang, Y. & Xiong, L. (2015) General mechanisms of drought response and their application in drought resistance improvement in plants. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 72(4), 673-689.
Farooq, A., Bukhari, S.A., Akram, N.A., Ashraf, M., Wijaya, L., Alyemeni, M.N., et al. (2020) Exogenously applied ascorbic acid-mediated changes in osmoprotection and oxidative defense system enhanced water stress tolerance in different cultivars of safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.). Plants, 9, 104.
Feng, X.-H., Zhang, H.-X., Ali, M., Gai, W.-X., Cheng, G.-X., Yu, Q.-H., et al. (2019) A small heat shock protein CaHsp25. 9 positively regulates heat, salt, and drought stress tolerance in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 142, 151-162.
Fernandez, O., Béthencourt, L., Quero, A., Sangwan, R.S. & Clément, C. (2010) Trehalose and plant stress responses: friend or foe? Trends in Plant Science, 15(7), 409-417.
Filippou, P., Bouchagier, P., Skotti, E. & Fotopoulos, V. (2014) Proline and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species metabolism is involved in the tolerant response of the invasive plant species Ailanthus altissima to drought and salinity. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 97, 1-10.
Flores, H.E. & Filner, P. (1985) Metabolic relationships of putrescine, GABA and alkaloids in cell and root cultures of Solanaceae. In: Primary and secondary metabolism of plant cell cultures. Berlin: Springer, pp. 174-185.
Forlani, G., Bertazzini, M., Zarattini, M., Funck, D., Ruszkowski, M. & Nocek, B. (2015) Functional properties and structural characterization of rice δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. Front Plant Sci, 6, 565.
Fujita, T., Maggio, A., Garcı́a-Rı́os, M., Stauffacher, C., Bressan, R.A. & Csonka, L.N. (2003) Identification of regions of the tomato γ-glutamyl kinase that are involved in allosteric regulation by proline. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278(16), 14203-14210.
Garcia, P.M., Asega, A.F., Silva, E.A. & Carvalho, M.A.M. (2011) Effect of drought and re-watering on fructan metabolism in Vernonia herbacea (Vell.) Rusby. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 49(6), 664-670.
Garg, G. & Neha, P. (2019) Plant transcription factors networking of pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) enzyme under stress condition: a review. Plant Archives, 19(2), 562-569.
Gill, S.S., Anjum, N.A., Gill, R., Yadav, S., Hasanuzzaman, M., Fujita, M., et al. (2015) Superoxide dismutase-mentor of abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(14), 10375-10394.
Gill, S.S. & Tuteja, N. (2010) Polyamines and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Plant Signaling and Behavior, 5(1), 26-33.
Girija, C., Smith, B. & Swamy, P. (2002) Interactive effects of sodium chloride and calcium chloride on the accumulation of proline and glycinebetaine in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Environmental and Experimental Botany, 47(1), 1-10.
Goel, D., Singh, A., Yadav, V., Babbar, S. & Bansal, K. (2010) Overexpression of osmotin gene confers tolerance to salt and drought stresses in transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Protoplasma, 245(1-4), 133-141.
Goel, D., Singh, A.K., Yadav, V., Babbar, S.B., Murata, N. & Bansal, K.C. (2011) Transformation of tomato with a bacterial codA gene enhances tolerance to salt and water stresses. Journal of Plant Physiology, 168(11), 1286-1294.
Granda, E. & Camarero, J.J. (2017) Drought reduces growth and stimulates sugar accumulation: new evidence of environmentally driven non-structural carbohydrate use. Tree Physiology, 37(8), 997-1000.
Groppa, M. & Benavides, M. (2008) Polyamines and abiotic stress: recent advances. Amino Acids, 34(1), 35-45.
Gupta, N. & Thind, S.K. (2017) Grain yield response of drought stressed wheat to foliar application of glycine betaine. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 51(3), 287-291.
Hamada, A. (2000) Amelioration of drought stress by ascorbic acid, thiamin or aspirin in wheat plants. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 5(4), 358-364.
Hong, J.K., Jung, H.W., Lee, B.K., Lee, S.C., Lee, Y.K. & Hwang, B.K. (2004) An osmotin-like protein gene, CAOSM1, from pepper: differential expression and in situ localization of its mRNA during pathogen infection and abiotic stress. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 64(6), 301-310.
Hsiao, T.C. (1973) Plant responses to water stress. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 24(1), 519-570.
Hsu, Y.T. & Kao, C.H. (2003) Changes in protein and amino acid contents in two cultivars of rice seedlings with different apparent tolerance to cadmium. Plant Growth Regulation, 40(2), 147-155.
Hu, C., Delauney, A.J. & Verma, D. (1992) A bifunctional enzyme (delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase) catalyzes the first two steps in proline biosynthesis in plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 89(19), 9354-9358.
Hu, X., Liu, R., Li, Y., Wang, W., Tai, F., Xue, R., et al. (2010) Heat shock protein 70 regulates the abscisic acid-induced antioxidant response of maize to combined drought and heat stress. Plant Growth Regulation, 60(3), 225-235.
Husaini, A.M. & Abdin, M.Z. (2008) Overexpression of tobacco osmotin gene leads to salt stress tolerance in strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa Duch.) plants. Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 7, 465-471.
Hussain, S.S., Ali, M., Ahmad, M. & Siddique, K.H. (2011) Polyamines: natural and engineered abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in plants. Biotechnology Advances, 29(3), 300-311.
Igamberdiev, A.U. & Kleczkowski, L.A. (2018) The glycerate and phosphorylated pathways of serine synthesis in plants: the branches of plant glycolysis linking carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 318.
Ingram, J. & Bartels, D. (1996) The molecular basis of dehydration tolerance in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 47(1), 377-403.
Ismail, A. & Azooz, M. (2002) Response of Vicia faba to salinity and vitamins. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 7(3), 298-301.
Iturriaga, G., Suárez, R. & Nova-Franco, B. (2009) Trehalose metabolism: from osmoprotection to signaling. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10(9), 3793-3810.
Jaleel, C.A., Gopi, R. & Sankar, B. (2007) Alterations in germination, seedling vigour, lipid peroxidation and proline metabolism in Catharanthus roseus seedlings under salt stress. South African Journal of Botany, 73, 190-195.
Jaleel, C.A., Manivannan, P., Kishorekumar, A., Sankar, B., Gopi, R., Somasundaram, R., et al. (2007) Alterations in osmoregulation, antioxidant enzymes and indole alkaloid levels in Catharanthus roseus exposed to water deficit. Colloids and Surfaces, B: Biointerfaces, 59(2), 150-157.
Jaleel, C.A., Manivannan, P., Sankar, B., Kishorekumar, A., Gopi, R., Somasundaram, R., et al. (2007a) Induction of drought stress tolerance by ketoconazole in Catharanthus roseus is mediated by enhanced antioxidant potentials and secondary metabolite accumulation. Colloids and Surfaces, B: Biointerfaces, 60(2), 201-206.
Jaleel, C.A., Manivannan, P., Sankar, B., Kishorekumar, A., Gopi, R., Somasundaram, R., et al. (2007b) Pseudomonas fluorescens enhances biomass yield and ajmalicine production in Catharanthus roseus under water deficit stress. Colloids and Surfaces, B: Biointerfaces, 60(1), 7-11.
Jiang, Y. & Huang, B. (2002) Protein alterations in tall fescue in response to drought stress and abscisic acid. Crop Science, 42(1), 202-207.
Kathuria, H., Giri, J., Nataraja, K.N., Murata, N., Udayakumar, M. & Tyagi, A.K. (2009) Glycinebetaine-induced water-stress tolerance in codA-expressing transgenic indica rice is associated with up-regulation of several stress responsive genes. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 7(6), 512-526.
Kaur, G. & Asthir, B. (2015) Proline: a key player in plant abiotic stress tolerance. Biologia Plantarum, 59(4), 609-619.
Kavi Kishor, P. & Sreenivasulu, N. (2014) Is proline accumulation per se correlated with stress tolerance or is proline homeostasis a more critical issue? Plant, Cell and Environment, 37(2), 300-311.
Kaya, C., Ashraf, M., Wijaya, L. & Ahmad, P. (2019) The putative role of endogenous nitric oxide in brassinosteroid-induced antioxidant defence system in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants under water stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 143, 119-128.
Kaya, C., Sonmez, O., Aydemir, S., Ashraf, M. & Dikilitas, M. (2013) Exogenous application of mannitol and thiourea regulates plant growth and oxidative stress responses in salt-stressed maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Plant Interactions, 8(3), 234-241.
Keller, M., Kiene, R., Kirst, G. & Visscher, P. (2012) Biological and environmental chemistry of DMSP and related sulfonium compounds. New York: Springer Science and Business Media, p. 426.
Khan, Z. & Shahwar, D. (2020) Role of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and heat stress tolerance in crop plants. In: Sustainable agriculture in the era of climate change. In: Springer, pp. 211-234.
Kishor, P.K., Sangam, S., Amrutha, R., Laxmi, P.S., Naidu, K., Rao, K.S., et al. (2005) Regulation of proline biosynthesis, degradation, uptake and transport in higher plants: its implications in plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance. Current Science, 88(3), 424-438.
Kiyosue, T., Yoshiba, Y., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. & Shinozaki, K. (1996) A nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial proline dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in proline metabolism, is upregulated by proline but downregulated by dehydration in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 8(8), 1323-1335.
Koenigshofer, H. & Loeppert, H.-G. (2019) The up-regulation of proline synthesis in the meristematic tissues of wheat seedlings upon short-term exposure to osmotic stress. Journal of Plant Physiology, 237, 21-29.
Kosar, F., Akram, N.A., Ashraf, M., Ahmad, A., Alyemeni, M.N. & Ahmad, P. (2020) Impact of exogenously applied trehalose on leaf biochemistry, achene yield and oil composition of sunflower under drought stress. Physiologia Plantarum, 13155.
Kosar, F., Akram, N.A., Sadiq, M., Al-Qurainy, F. & Ashraf, M. (2019) Trehalose: a key organic osmolyte effectively involved in plant abiotic stress tolerance. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 38(2), 606-618.
Koyro, H.-W., Ahmad, P. & Geissler, N. (2012) Abiotic stress responses in plants: an overview. In: Environmental adaptations and stress tolerance of plants in the era of climate change. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 1-28.
Kubiś, J., Floryszak-Wieczorek, J. & Arasimowicz-Jelonek, M. (2014) Polyamines induce adaptive responses in water deficit stressed cucumber roots. Journal of Plant Research, 127(1), 151-158.
Kumar, S.G., Reddy, A.M. & Sudhakar, C. (2003) NaCl effects on proline metabolism in two high yielding genotypes of mulberry (Morus alba L.) with contrasting salt tolerance. Plant Science, 165(6), 1245-1251.
Kuromori, T., Seo, M. & Shinozaki, K. (2018) ABA transport and plant water stress responses. Trends in Plant Science, 23(6), 513-522.
Kusano, T., Yamaguchi, K., Berberich, T. & Takahashi, Y. (2007) Advances in polyamine research in 2007. Journal of Plant Research, 120(3), 345-350.
Lawlor, D.W. (2002) Limitation to photosynthesis in water-stressed leaves: stomata vs. metabolism and the role of ATP. Annals of Botany, 89(7), 871-885.
Le, T.T., Williams, B. & Mundree, S.G. (2018) An osmotin from the resurrection plant Tripogon loliiformis (TlOsm) confers tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses in transgenic rice. Physiologia Plantarum, 162(1), 13-34.
Lee, B.-R., Islam, M.T., Park, S.-H., H-i, J., Bae, D.-W. & Kim, T.-H. (2019) Characterization of salicylic acid-mediated modulation of the drought stress responses: reactive oxygen species, proline, and redox state in Brassica napus. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 157, 1-10.
Li, F., Lei, H., Zhao, X., Tian, R. & Li, T. (2012) Characterization of three sorbitol transporter genes in micropropagated apple plants grown under drought stress. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 30(1), 123-130.
Li, H.-W., Zang, B.-S., Deng, X.-W. & Wang, X.-P. (2011) Overexpression of the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene OsTPS1 enhances abiotic stress tolerance in rice. Planta, 234(5), 1007-1018.
Li, Q., Yin, H., Li, D., Zhu, H., Zhang, Y. & Zhu, W. (2007) Isolation and characterization of CMO gene promoter from halophyte Suaeda liaotungensis K. Journal of Genetics and Genomics, 34(4), 355-361.
Li, Q., Zhang, X., Lv, Q., Zhu, D., Qiu, T., Xu, Y., et al. (2017) Physcomitrella patens dehydrins (PpDHNA and PpDHNC) confer salinity and drought tolerance to transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Front Plant Sci, 8, 1316.
Liang, X., Zhang, L., Natarajan, S.K. & Becker, D.F. (2013) Proline mechanisms of stress survival. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling, 19(9), 998-1011.
Ling, H., Zeng, X. & Guo, S. (2016) Functional insights into the late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) protein family from Dendrobium officinale (Orchidaceae) using an Escherichia coli system. Scientific Reports, 6, 39693.
Liu, J.-H., Kitashiba, H., Wang, J., Ban, Y. & Moriguchi, T. (2007) Polyamines and their ability to provide environmental stress tolerance to plants. Plant Biotechnology, 24(1), 117-126.
Livingston, D.P., Hincha, D.K. & Heyer, A.G. (2009) Fructan and its relationship to abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 66(13), 2007-2023.
López-Gómez, M., Hidalgo-Castellanos, J., Marín-Peña, A.J. & Herrera-Cervera, J.A. (2019) Relationship between polyamines and osmoprotectants in the response to salinity of the legume-rhizobia symbiosis. In: Osmoprotectant-mediated abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Switzerland AG: Springer, pp. 269-285.
Lutts, S., Majerus, V. & Kinet, J.M. (1999) NaCl effects on proline metabolism in rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings. Physiologia Plantarum, 105(3), 450-458.
Mafakheri, A., Siosemardeh, A., Bahramnejad, B., Struik, P. & Sohrabi, Y. (2010) Effect of drought stress on yield, proline and chlorophyll contents in three chickpea cultivars. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 4(8), 580.
Mahmood, T., Abdullah, M., Ahmar, S., Yasir, M., Iqbal, M.S., Yasir, M., et al. (2020) Incredible role of osmotic adjustment in grain yield sustainability under water scarcity conditions in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plants, 9, 1208.
Manivannan, P., Jaleel, C.A., Kishorekumar, A., Sankar, B., Somasundaram, R., Sridharan, R., et al. (2007) Changes in antioxidant metabolism of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. by propiconazole under water deficit stress. Colloids and Surfaces, B: Biointerfaces, 57(1), 69-74.
Manivannan, P., Jaleel, C.A., Sankar, B., Kishorekumar, A., Somasundaram, R., Lakshmanan, G.A., et al. (2007) Growth, biochemical modifications and proline metabolism in Helianthus annuus L. as induced by drought stress. Colloids and Surfaces, B: Biointerfaces, 59(2), 141-149.
Manivannan, P., Jaleel, C.A., Somasundaram, R. & Panneerselvam, R. (2008) Osmoregulation and antioxidant metabolism in drought-stressed Helianthus annuus under triadimefon drenching. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 331(6), 418-425.
Marimuthu, G. & Murali, P. (2018) Effect of drought stress in Paspalum Scrobiculatum L. biochemical and compatible solute accumulation. Science and Technology, 4(2), 618-622.
Mohammadkhani, N. & Heidari, R. (2008) Effects of drought stress on soluble proteins in two maize varieties. Turkish Journal of Biology, 32(1), 23-30.
Morot-Gaudry, J.-F., Job, D. & Lea, P.J. (2001) Amino acid metabolism. In: Plant nitrogen. Berlin: Springer, pp. 167-211.
Munns, R. (2002) Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant, Cell and Environment, 25(2), 239-250.
Murakeözy, É.P., Nagy, Z., Duhazé, C., Bouchereau, A. & Tuba, Z. (2003) Seasonal changes in the levels of compatible osmolytes in three halophytic species of inland saline vegetation in Hungary. Journal of Plant Physiology, 160(4), 395-401.
Nakamura, T., Nomura, M., Mori, H., Jagendorf, A.T., Ueda, A. & Takabe, T. (2001) An isozyme of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase in barley. Plant and Cell Physiology, 42(10), 1088-1092.
Naliwajski, M.R. & Skłodowska, M. (2014) Proline and its metabolism enzymes in cucumber cell cultures during acclimation to salinity. Protoplasma, 251(1), 201-209.
Nath, A.K., Kumari, S. & Sharma, D. (2005) In vitro selection and characterization of water stress tolerant cultures of bell pepper. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 10(1), 14-19.
Nemati, F., Ghanati, F., Gavlighi, H.A. & Sharifi, M. (2018) Comparison of sucrose metabolism in wheat seedlings during drought stress and subsequent recovery. Biologia Plantarum, 62(3), 595-599.
Nemati, M., Piro, A., Norouzi, M., Vahed, M.M., Nisticò, D.M. & Mazzuca, S. (2019) Comparative physiological and leaf proteomic analyses revealed the tolerant and sensitive traits to drought stress in two wheat parental lines and their F6 progenies. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 158, 223-237.
Nidetzky, B., Fürlinger, M., Gollhofer, D., Malic, I., Haltrich, D. & Kulbe, K.D. (1997) Simultaneous enzymatic synthesis of gluconic acid and sorbitol. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 63-65(1), 173-188.
Noori, S.S. & Sokhansanj, A. (2008) Wheat plants containing an osmotin gene show enhanced ability to produce roots at high NaCl concentration. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 55(2), 256-258.
Ohama, N., Sato, H., Shinozaki, K. & Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (2017) Transcriptional regulatory network of plant heat stress response. Trends in Plant Science, 22(1), 53-65.
Öztürk, M., Sato, T. & Takahashi, N. (1986) Proline accumulation in shoots and roots of some ecophysiologically different plants under root temperature stress. Environmental Control in Biology, 24(3-4), 79-85.
Öztürk, M. & Szaniawski, R.K. (1981) Root temperature stress and proline content in leaves and roots of two ecologically different plant species. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie, 102(4), 375-377.
Ozturk, M., Turkyilmaz, B., Gucel, S. & Guvensen, A. (2011) Proline accumulation in some coastal zone plants of the Aegean region of Turkey. The European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology, 5(2), 54-56.
Pál, M., Tajti, J., Szalai, G., Peeva, V., Végh, B. & Janda, T. (2018) Interaction of polyamines, abscisic acid and proline under osmotic stress in the leaves of wheat plants. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-12.
Papageorgiou, G.C. & Murata, N. (1995) The unusually strong stabilizing effects of glycine betaine on the structure and function of the oxygen-evolving photosystem II complex. Photosynthesis Research, 44(3), 243-252.
Parida, A.K., Dagaonkar, V.S., Phalak, M.S. & Aurangabadkar, L.P. (2008) Differential responses of the enzymes involved in proline biosynthesis and degradation in drought tolerant and sensitive cotton genotypes during drought stress and recovery. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 30(5), 619-627.
Parvaiz, A. & Satyawati, S. (2008) Salt stress and phyto-biochemical responses of plants-a review. Plant, Soil and Environment, 54(3), 89-99.
Per, T.S., Khan, N.A., Reddy, P.S., Masood, A., Hasanuzzaman, M., Khan, M.I.R., et al. (2017) Approaches in modulating proline metabolism in plants for salt and drought stress tolerance: phytohormones, mineral nutrients and transgenics. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 115, 126-140.
Priya, M., Dhanker, O.P., Siddique, K.H., HanumanthaRao, B., Nair, R.M., Pandey, S., et al. (2019) Drought and heat stress-related proteins: an update about their functional relevance in imparting stress tolerance in agricultural crops. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 132, 1607-1638.
Raja, V., Qadir, S.U., Alyemeni, M.N. & Ahmad, P. (2020) Impact of drought and heat stress individually and in combination on physio-biochemical parameters, antioxidant responses, and gene expression in Solanum lycopersicum. 3 Biotech, 10, 1-18.
Ramanjulu, S. & Sudhakar, C. (2000) Proline metabolism during dehydration in two mulberry genotypes with contrasting drought tolerance. Journal of Plant Physiology, 157(1), 81-85.
Ranganayakulu, G., Veeranagamallaiah, G. & Sudhakar, C. (2013) Effect of salt stress on osmolyte accumulation in two groundnut cultivars (Arachis hypogaea L.) with contrasting salt tolerance. African Journal of Plant Science, 7(12), 586-592.
Rauf, S. & Sadaqat, H.A. (2008) Identification of physiological traits and genotypes combined to high achene yield in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under contrasting water regimes. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 1(1), 23-30.
Reddy, A.R., Chaitanya, K.V. & Vivekanandan, M. (2004) Drought-induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. Journal of Plant Physiology, 161(11), 1189-1202.
Rellán-Álvarez, R., Ortega-Villasante, C., Álvarez-Fernández, A., Del Campo, F.F. & Hernández, L.E. (2006) Stress responses of Zea mays to cadmium and mercury. Plant and Soil, 279(1-2), 41-50.
Rhodes, D. (1987) Metabolic responses to stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 12, 201-241.
Rhodes, D. & Hanson, A. (1993) Quaternary ammonium and tertiary sulfonium compounds in higher plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 44(1), 357-384.
Riccardi, F., Gazeau, P., de Vienne, D. & Zivy, M. (1998) Protein changes in response to progressive water deficit in maize: quantitative variation and polypeptide identification. Plant Physiology, 117(4), 1253-1263.
Rodriguez, D., Romero-García, J., Rodríguez-García, R. & Angulo-Sanchez, J. (2002) Characterization of proteins from sunflower leaves and seeds: relationship of biomass and seed yield. In: Trends in new crops and new uses. Alexandria: ASHS Press, pp. 143-149.
Rontein, D., Dieuaide-Noubhani, M., Dufourc, E.J., Raymond, P. & Rolin, D. (2002) The metabolic architecture of plant cells stability of central metabolism and flexibility of anabolic pathways during the growth cycle of tomato cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277(46), 43948-43960.
Roosens, N.H., Al Bitar, F., Loenders, K., Angenon, G. & Jacobs, M. (2002) Overexpression of ornithine-δ-aminotransferase increases proline biosynthesis and confers osmotolerance in transgenic plants. Molecular Breeding, 9(2), 73-80.
Roychoudhury, A. & Banerjee, A. (2016) Endogenous glycine betaine accumulation mediates abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Tropical Plant Research, 3(1), 105-111.
Rubin, R.L., van Groenigen, K.J. & Hungate, B.A. (2017) Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are more effective under drought: a meta-analysis. Plant and Soil, 416(1-2), 309-323.
Sadak, M.S. (2016) Mitigation of drought stress on fenugreek plant by foliar application of trehalose. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 9(2), 147-155.
Sakcali, M., Bahadir, H. & Ozturk, M. (2008) Ecophysiology of Capparis spinosa L.: a plant suitable for combating desertification. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40(4), 1481-1486.
Sakcali, M. & Ozturk, M. (2004) Eco-physiological behaviour of some Mediterranean plants as suitable candidates for reclamation of degraded areas. Journal of Arid Environments, 57(2), 141-153.
Sankar, B., Jaleel, C.A., Manivannan, P., Kishorekumar, A., Somasundaram, R. & Panneerselvam, R. (2007) Drought-induced biochemical modifications and proline metabolism in Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. Acta Botanica Croatica, 66(1), 43-56.
Sato, T. & Theologis, A. (1989) Cloning the mRNA encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, the key enzyme for ethylene biosynthesis in plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 86(17), 6621-6625.
Shao, H.-B., Chu, L.-Y., Jaleel, C.A. & Zhao, C.-X. (2008) Water-deficit stress-induced anatomical changes in higher plants. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 331(3), 215-225.
Singh, M., Kumar, J., Singh, S., Singh, V.P. & Prasad, S.M. (2015) Roles of osmoprotectants in improving salinity and drought tolerance in plants: a review. Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, 14(3), 407-426.
Singh, N.K., Nelson, D.E., Kuhn, D., Hasegawa, P.M. & Bressan, R.A. (1989) Molecular cloning of osmotin and regulation of its expression by ABA and adaptation to low water potential. Plant Physiology, 90(3), 1096-1101.
Singh, T., Aspinall, D. & Paleg, L. (1972) Proline accumulation and varietal adaptability to drought in barley: a potential metabolic measure of drought resistance. Nature: New Biology, 236(67), 188-190.
Slabbert, M. & Krüger, G. (2014) Antioxidant enzyme activity, proline accumulation, leaf area and cell membrane stability in water stressed Amaranthus leaves. South African Journal of Botany, 95, 123-128.
Song, X., Zhao, C., Li, J., Wang, X., Wu, G. & Jaleel, C. (2008) Dynamic variation of nitrate-nitrogen content in groundwater under two different agricultural cropping systems. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 28(11), 5513-5520.
Stefels, J. (2000) Physiological aspects of the production and conversion of DMSP in marine algae and higher plants. Journal of Sea Research, 43(3-4), 183-197.
Stewart, C. (1981) Proline accumulation: biochemical aspects. In: Paleg, L. & Aspinall, D. (Eds.) Physiology and biochemistry of drought resistance in plants. Sydney: Academic Press, pp. 243-259.
Stránská, J., Kopečný, D., Tylichová, M., Snégaroff, J. & Šebela, M. (2008) Ornithine δ-aminotransferase: an enzyme implicated in salt tolerance in higher plants. Plant Signaling and Behavior, 3(11), 929-935.
Strizhov, N., Ábrahám, E., Ökrész, L., Blickling, S., Zilberstein, A., Schell, J., et al. (1997) Differential expression of two P5CS genes controlling proline accumulation during salt-stress requires ABA and is regulated by ABA1, ABI1 and AXR2 in Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal, 12(3), 557-569.
Sunda, W., Kieber, D., Kiene, R. & Huntsman, S. (2002) An antioxidant function for DMSP and DMS in marine algae. Nature, 418(6895), 317-320.
Szabados, L. & Savoure, A. (2010) Proline: a multifunctional amino acid. Trends in Plant Science, 15(2), 89-97.
Tahkokorpi, M., Taulavuori, K., Laine, K. & Taulavuori, E. (2007) After-effects of drought-related winter stress in previous and current year stems of Vaccinium myrtillus L. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 61(1), 85-93.
Taiz, L. & Zeiger, E. (2010) Plant physiology, Vol. 782. Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates Inc.
Tan, Y., Liang, Z., Shao, H. & Du, F. (2006) Effect of water deficits on the activity of antioxidative enzymes and osmoregulation among three different genotypes of Radix Astragali at seeding stage. Colloids and Surfaces, B: Biointerfaces, 49(1), 60-65.
Tari, I., Kiss, G., Deer, A.K., Csiszár, J., Erdei, L., Gallé, Á., et al. (2010) Salicylic acid increased aldose reductase activity and sorbitol accumulation in tomato plants under salt stress. Biologia Plantarum, 54(4), 677-683.
Tegeder, M. (2012) Transporters for amino acids in plant cells: some functions and many unknowns. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 15(3), 315-321.
Teh, C.Y., Mahmood, M., Shaharuddin, N.A. & Ho, C.L. (2015) In vitro rice shoot apices as simple model to study the effect of NaCl and the potential of exogenous proline and glutathione in mitigating salinity stress. Plant Growth Regulation, 75(3), 771-781.
Traversari, S., Francini, A., Traversi, M.L., Emiliani, G., Sorce, C., Sebastiani, L., et al. (2018) Can sugar metabolism in the cambial region explain the water deficit tolerance in poplar? Journal of Experimental Botany, 69(16), 4083-4097.
Trevino, M.B. & O'Connell, M.A. (1998) Three drought-responsive members of the nonspecific lipid-transfer protein gene family in Lycopersicon pennellii show different developmental patterns of expression. Plant Physiology, 116(4), 1461-1468.
Turkyilmaz, B., Aktas, L.Y. & Guven, A. (2011) Salinity induced differences in growth and nutrient accumulation in five barley cultivars. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 16(1), 84-92.
Turkyilmaz Unal, B., Aktas, L. & Guven, A. (2014) Effects of salinity on antioxidant enzymes and proline in leaves of barley seedlings in different growth stages. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 20(4), 883-887.
Turkyilmaz Unal, B., Guvensen, A., Dereboylu, A.E. & Ozturk, M. (2013) Variations in the proline and total protein contents in Origanum sipyleum L. from different altitudes of spil mountain Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 45(S1), 571-576.
Van Bergeijk, S.A., Van der Zee, C. & Stal, L.J. (2003) Uptake and excretion of dimethylsulphoniopropionate is driven by salinity changes in the marine benthic diatom Cylindrotheca closterium. European Journal of Phycology, 38(4), 341-349.
Van Dijck, P. (2019) Biosynthesis and degradation of trehalose and its potential to control plant growth, development, and (A) biotic stress tolerance. In: Osmoprotectant-mediated abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Switzerland: Springer, pp. 175-199.
Verbruggen, N. & Hermans, C. (2008) Proline accumulation in plants: a review. Amino Acids, 35(4), 753-759.
Verslues, P.E. & Sharma, S. (2010) Proline metabolism and its implications for plant-environment interaction. The Arabidopsis Book/American Society of Plant Biologists, 8, e0140.
Viktorova, J., Krasny, L., Kamlar, M., Novakova, M., Mackova, M. & Macek, T. (2012) Osmotin, a pathogenesis-related protein. Current Protein and Peptide Science, 13(7), 672-681.
Vinocur, B. & Altman, A. (2005) Recent advances in engineering plant tolerance to abiotic stress: achievements and limitations. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 16(2), 123-132.
Wang, F.-Z., Wang, Q.-B., Kwon, S.-Y., Kwak, S.-S. & Su, W.-A. (2005) Enhanced drought tolerance of transgenic rice plants expressing a pea manganese superoxide dismutase. Journal of Plant Physiology, 162(4), 465-472.
Wang, H., Tang, X., Wang, H. & Shao, H.-B. (2015) Proline accumulation and metabolism-related genes expression profiles in Kosteletzkya virginica seedlings under salt stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 792.
Wang, Y.-f., Ma, D.-h., C-x, Z., Lin, Q. & Yu, Z.-w. (2008) Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rate and post-anthesis soil moisture content on starch synthesis and quality of grains in strong gluten wheat. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 28(9), 1803-1810.
Williamson, J.D., Jennings, D.B., Guo, W.-W., Pharr, D.M. & Ehrenshaft, M. (2002) Sugar alcohols, salt stress, and fungal resistance: polyols-multifunctional plant protection? Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 127(4), 467-473.
Wu, L., Fan, Z., Guo, L., Li, Y., Zhang, W., Qu, L.-J., et al. (2003) Over-expression of an Arabidopsis δ-OAT gene enhances salt and drought tolerance in transgenic rice. Chinese Science Bulletin, 48(23), 2594-2600.
Wu, L.-Y., Ma, Z.-M., Fan, X.-L., Zhao, T., Liu, Z.-H., Huang, X., et al. (2010) The anti-necrosis role of hypoxic preconditioning after acute anoxia is mediated by aldose reductase and sorbitol pathway in PC12 cells. Cell Stress and Chaperones, 15(4), 387-394.
Xiang, J., Chen, X., Hu, W., Xiang, Y., Yan, M. & Wang, J. (2018) Overexpressing heat-shock protein OsHSP50. 2 improves drought tolerance in rice. Plant Cell Reports, 37(11), 1585-1595.
Xu, Z., Sun, M., Jiang, X., Sun, H., Dang, X., Cong, H., et al. (2018) Glycinebetaine biosynthesis in response to osmotic stress depends on jasmonate signaling in watermelon suspension cells. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1469.
Yadav, S., Lakshmi, N.J., Maheswari, M., Vanaja, M. & Venkateswarlu, B. (2005) Influence of water deficit at vegetative, anthesis and grain filling stages on water relation and grain yield in sorghum. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 10(1), 20.
Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. & Shinozaki, K. (2005) Organization of cis-acting regulatory elements in osmotic-and cold-stress-responsive promoters. Trends in Plant Science, 10(2), 88-94.
Yang, X., Cushman, J.C., Borland, A.M., Edwards, E.J., Wullschleger, S.D., Tuskan, G.A., et al. (2015) A roadmap for research on crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) to enhance sustainable food and bioenergy production in a hotter, drier world. The New Phytologist, 207(3), 491-504.
Yang, X., Cushman, J.C., Borland, A.M. & Liu, Q. (2020) Systems biology and synthetic biology in relation to drought tolerance or avoidance in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 394.
Yang, X., Liu, D., Tschaplinski, T.J. & Tuskan, G.A. (2019) Comparative genomics can provide new insights into the evolutionary mechanisms and gene function in CAM plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 70(22), 6539-6547.
Yang, Y., He, M., Zhu, Z., Li, S., Xu, Y., Zhang, C., et al. (2012) Identification of the dehydrin gene family from grapevine species and analysis of their responsiveness to various forms of abiotic and biotic stress. BMC Plant Biology, 12, 140.
You, J., Hu, H. & Xiong, L. (2012) An ornithine δ-aminotransferase gene OsOAT confers drought and oxidative stress tolerance in rice. Plant Science, 197, 59-69.
Zegaoui, Z., Planchais, S., Cabassa, C., Djebbar, R., Belbachir, O.A. & Carol, P. (2017) Variation in relative water content, proline accumulation and stress gene expression in two cowpea landraces under drought. Journal of Plant Physiology, 218, 26-34.
Zhang, H. & Sonnewald, U. (2017) Differences and commonalities of plant responses to single and combined stresses. The Plant Journal, 90(5), 839-855.
Zhang, Y., Yin, H., Li, D., Zhu, W. & Li, Q. (2008) Functional analysis of BADH gene promoter from Suaeda liaotungensis K. Plant Cell Reports, 27(3), 585-592.
Zhao, C., Guo, L., Jaleel, C.A., Shao, H. & Yang, H. (2008) Prospects for dissecting plant-adaptive molecular mechanisms to improve wheat cultivars in drought environments. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 331(5), 579-586.
Zheng, Z., Xu, X., Crosley, R.A., Greenwalt, S.A., Sun, Y., Blakeslee, B., et al. (2010) The protein kinase SnRK2. 6 mediates the regulation of sucrose metabolism and plant growth in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 153(1), 99-113.
Zhou, R., Cheng, L. & Wayne, R. (2003) Purification and characterization of sorbitol-6-phosphate phosphatase from apple leaves. Plant Science, 165(1), 227-232.