How the unconscious mind controls body movements: Body schema distortion in anorexia nervosa.
anorexia nervosa
body image
body representation distortion
body schema
motion task
Journal
The International journal of eating disorders
ISSN: 1098-108X
Titre abrégé: Int J Eat Disord
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8111226
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
04 2021
04 2021
Historique:
revised:
08
12
2020
received:
01
09
2020
accepted:
10
12
2020
pubmed:
22
12
2020
medline:
16
10
2021
entrez:
21
12
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Besides all visible somatic manifestations, distorted body representation is a key symptom for anorexia nervosa (AN). Body representation can be divided into a conscious component, body image, and an unconscious action-related one, body schema. As behavioral studies already explored the impact of a distorted body image in AN, we aimed to explore whether distortion also extends into unconscious body schema. This study is the first with an unbiased measurement of the body schema in a homogeneous sample of AN patients. Twenty-three patients diagnosed with AN and 23 healthy controls (HC) walked through a door like aperture varying in width. Door width was based on participants shoulder width and ranged from an aperture-to-shoulder-ratio of (A/S) 0.9 to 1.45. Shoulder rotation was measured as indication of perceived body width. To measure the unconscious body schema, we used a cover story pretending to investigate the influence of change of position on retention memory. We found a significantly higher critical A/S for AN than HC, which indicates that AN patients rotate their shoulders for relatively larger door widths than HC, thus unconsciously estimating their body size to be larger than in reality. Additionally, we found a correlation between negative body attribution and overestimation of bodily dimensions. As stated by the "allocentric-lock"-hypothesis, AN patients might be locked to a stored representation of their body that cannot be updated and remains at pre-AN conditions. We suggest future AN-therapy to counter body schema alterations by combining cognitive behavioral therapy and virtual reality therapy.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
578-586Informations de copyright
© 2020 The Authors. International Journal of Eating Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Références
Albani, C., Blaser, G., Geyer, M., Daig, I., Schmutzer, G., Bailer, H., … Brähler, E. (2006). Überprüfung und Normierung des “Fragebogen zum Körperbild” (FKB-20) von Clement und Löwe (1996) an einer repräsentativen deutschen Bevölkerungsstichprobe. Zeitschrift Für Medizinische Psychologie, 15(3), 99-109.
Arcelus, J., Mitchell, A. J., Wales, J., & Nielsen, S. (2011). Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(7), 724-731. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74
Badoud, D., & Tsakiris, M. (2017). From the body's viscera to the body's image: Is there a link between interoception and body image concerns? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 77, 237-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.03.017
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
Bruch, H. (1962). Perceptual and conceptual disturbances in anorexia nervosa. Psychosomatic Medicine, 24, 187-194. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-196203000-00009
Carey, A., Luyat, M., Cottencin, O., Thomas, P., & Guardia, D. (2013). 1443 - Impaired multisensory integration and disruption of spatial references in anorexia nervosa. European Psychiatry, 28, 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(13)76475-7
Carter, J. C., Blackmore, E., Sutandar-Pinnock, K., & Woodside, D. B. (2004). Relapse in anorexia nervosa: A survival analysis. Psychological Medicine, 34(4), 671-679. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001168
Carter, J. C., Mercer-Lynn, K. B., Norwood, S. J., Bewell-Weiss, C. V., Crosby, R. D., Woodside, D. B., & Olmsted, M. P. (2012). A prospective study of predictors of relapse in anorexia nervosa: Implications for relapse prevention. Psychiatry Research, 200(2-3), 518-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.04.037
Case, L. K., Wilson, R. C., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2012). Diminished size-weight illusion in anorexia nervosa: Evidence for visuo-proprioceptive integration deficit. Experimental Brain Research, 217(1), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2974-7
Cash, T. F., & Deagle, E. A. (1997). The nature and extent of body-image disturbances in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A meta-analysis. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 22(2), 107-125.
Cignetti, F., Vaugoyeau, M., Nazarian, B., Roth, M., Anton, J.-L., & Assaiante, C. (2014). Boosted activation of right inferior frontoparietal network: A basis for illusory movement awareness. Human Brain Mapping, 35(10), 5166-5178. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22541
Cuzzolaro, M. (2018). Body schema and body image: History and controversies. In M. Cuzzolaro & S. Fassino (Eds.), Body Image, Eating, and Weight. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90817-5_1
Daprati, E., Sirigu, A., & Nico, D. (2010). Body and movement: Consciousness in the parietal lobes. Neuropsychologia, 48(3), 756-762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.10.008
de Vignemont, F. (2011). Embodiment, ownership and disownership. Consciousness and Cognition, 20(1), 82-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.004
del Moral, P. S., Sánchez, R. G., Moreno, I. M., Ortuño, A. T., Cuenca, A. D., & Capel, A. A. (2004). La realidad virtual, una nueva herramienta terapéutica. Tratamiento de la imagen corporal en los trastornos alimentariios. Enfermería Global, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.6018/eglobal.3.2.543
Dell'Osso, L., Abelli, M., Carpita, B., Pini, S., Castellini, G., Carmassi, C., & Ricca, V. (2016). Historical evolution of the concept of anorexia nervosa and relationships with orthorexia nervosa, autism, and obsessive-compulsive spectrum. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 12, 1651-1660. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S108912
Dijkerman, H. C., & de Haan, E. H. (2007). Somatosensory processes subserving perception and action. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30(2), 189-201; discussion 201-39. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X07001641
Engel, M. M., & Keizer, A. (2017). Body representation disturbances in visual perception and affordance perception persist in eating disorder patients after completing treatment. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 16184. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16362-w
Eshkevari, E., Rieger, E., Longo, M. R., Haggard, P., & Treasure, J. (2012). Increased plasticity of the bodily self in eating disorders. Psychological Medicine, 42(4), 819-828. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711002091
Esposito, R., Cieri, F., di Giannantonio, M., & Tartaro, A. (2018). The role of body image and self-perception in anorexia nervosa: The neuroimaging perspective. Journal of Neuropsychology, 12(1), 41-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnp.12106
Fairburn, C. G., & Beglin, S. J. (1994). Assessment of eating disorders: Interview or self-report questionnaire? The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16(4), 363-370.
Federici, A., & Kaplan, A. S. (2008). The patient's account of relapse and recovery in anorexia nervosa: A qualitative study. European Eating Disorders Review: The Journal of the Eating Disorders Association, 16(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.813
Ferrer-García, M., & Gutiérrez-Maldonado, J. (2012). The use of virtual reality in the study, assessment, and treatment of body image in eating disorders and nonclinical samples: A review of the literature. Body Image, 9(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.10.001
Gallagher, S. (1986). Body image and body schema: A conceptual clarification. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 7(4), 541-554 Retrieved from JSTOR.
Gallagher, S. (2005). How the body shapes the mind. New York: Oxford University Press.
Garner, D. M., Garfinkel, P. E., & Bonato, D. P. (1987). Body image measurement in eating disorders. Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine, 17, 119-133. https://doi.org/10.1159/000414010
Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. New York and London: Houghton Mifflin.
Gledhill, L. J., Cornelissen, K. K., Cornelissen, P. L., Penton-Voak, I. S., Munafò, M. R., & Tovée, M. J. (2017). An interactive training programme to treat body image disturbance. British Journal of Health Psychology, 22(1), 60-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12217
Grunwald, M., Ettrich, C., Assmann, B., Dähne, A., Krause, W., Busse, F., & Gertz, H. J. (2001). Deficits in haptic perception and right parietal theta power changes in patients with anorexia nervosa before and after weight gain. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29(4), 417-428. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.1038
Guardia, D., Carey, A., Cottencin, O., Thomas, P., & Luyat, M. (2013). Disruption of spatial task performance in anorexia nervosa. PLoS One, 8(1), e54928. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054928
Guardia, D., Conversy, L., Jardri, R., Lafargue, G., Thomas, P., Dodin, V., … Luyat, M. (2012). Imagining one's own and someone else's body actions: Dissociation in anorexia nervosa. PLoS One, 7(8), e43241. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043241
Guardia, D., Lafargue, G., Thomas, P., Dodin, V., Cottencin, O., & Luyat, M. (2010). Anticipation of body-scaled action is modified in anorexia nervosa. Neuropsychologia, 48(13), 3961-3966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.09.004
Haggard, P., & Wolpert, D. M. (2005). Disorders of body scheme. In H. J. Freund, M. Jeannerod, M. Hallett, & R. Leiguarda (Eds.), Higher-order motor disorders. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Hay, P. J., Touyz, S., & Sud, R. (2012). Treatment for severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: A review. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46(12), 1136-1144. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867412450469
Head, H., & Holmes, G. (1911). Sensory disturbances from cerebral lesions 1. Brain, 34(2-3), 102-254. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/34.2-3.102
Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. (2009). Adolescent eating disorders: Definitions, symptomatology, epidemiology and comorbidity. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18(1), 31-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2008.07.005
Jansen, A., Nederkoorn, C., & Mulkens, S. (2005). Selective visual attention for ugly and beautiful body parts in eating disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(2), 183-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.01.003
Kaye, W. H., Bulik, C. M., Thornton, L., Barbarich, N., & Masters, K. (2004). Comorbidity of anxiety disorders with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(12), 2215-2221. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2215
Kazén, M., Baumann, N., Twenhöfel, J. F., & Kuhl, J. (2019). When do anorexic patients perceive their body as too fat? Aggravating and ameliorating factors. PLoS One, 14(2), e0212612. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212612
Keel, P. K., Dorer, D. J., Franko, D. L., Jackson, S. C., & Herzog, D. B. (2005). Postremission predictors of relapse in women with eating disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(12), 2263-2268. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2263
Keizer, A., Smeets, M. A. M., Dijkerman, H. C., Uzunbajakau, S. A., van Elburg, A., & Postma, A. (2013). Too fat to fit through the door: First evidence for disturbed body-scaled action in anorexia nervosa during locomotion. PLoS One, 8(5), e64602. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064602
Keizer, A., Smeets, M. A. M., Dijkerman, H. C., van den Hout, M., Klugkist, I., van Elburg, A., & Postma, A. (2011). Tactile body image disturbance in anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Research, 190(1), 115-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.04.031
Keizer, A., van Elburg, A., Helms, R., & Dijkerman, H. C. (2016). A virtual reality full body illusion improves body image disturbance in anorexia nervosa. PLoS One, 11(10), e0163921. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163921
Lewinsohn, P. M., Striegel-Moore, R. H., & Seeley, J. R. (2000). Epidemiology and natural course of eating disorders in young women from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(10), 1284-1292. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200010000-00016
Löwe, B., & Clement, U. (1996). Der “Fragebogen zum Körperbild (FKB-20)” Literaturüberblick, Beschreibung und Prüfung eines Meßinstrumentes. Diagnostica, 42, 352-376.
Löwe, B., Zipfel, S., Buchholz, C., Dupont, Y., Reas, D. L., & Herzog, W. (2001). Long-term outcome of anorexia nervosa in a prospective 21-year follow-up study. Psychological Medicine, 31(5), 881-890. https://doi.org/10.1017/s003329170100407x
Malighetti, C., Gaudio, S., Di Lernia, D., Matamala-Gomez, M., & Riva, G. (2020). Altered inner body perception in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: A systematic review [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2x4em
Marco, J. H., Perpiñá, C., & Botella, C. (2013). Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy supported by virtual reality in the treatment of body image in eating disorders: One year follow-up. Psychiatry Research, 209(3), 619-625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.023
Nico, D., Daprati, E., Nighoghossian, N., Carrier, E., Duhamel, J.-R., & Sirigu, A. (2010). The role of the right parietal lobe in anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine, 40(9), 1531-1539. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709991851
Pazzaglia, M., & Zantedeschi, M. (2016). Plasticity and awareness of bodily distortion. Neural Plasticity, 2016, 9834340. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9834340, 1, 7
Phillipou, A., Castle, D. J., & Rossell, S. L. (2018). Anorexia nervosa: Eating disorder or body image disorder? The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(1), 13-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867417722640
Riva, G., Bacchetta, M., Baruffi, M., Rinaldi, S., & Molinari, E. (1999). Virtual reality based experiential cognitive treatment of anorexia nervosa. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 30(3), 221-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7916(99)00018-x
Riva, G., & Dakanalis, A. (2018). Altered processing and integration of multisensory bodily representations and signals in eating disorders: A possible path toward the understanding of their underlying causes. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, 49. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00049
Riva, G., & Gaudio, S. (2012). Allocentric lock in anorexia nervosa: New evidences from neuroimaging studies. Medical Hypotheses, 79(1), 113-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2012.03.036
Röhricht, F., Seidler, K.-P., Joraschky, P., Borkenhagen, A., Lausberg, H., Lemche, E., … Tritt, K. (2005). Consensus paper on the terminological differentiation of various aspect of body experience. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 55(3-4), 183-190. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-834551
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. JSTOR. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt183pjjh
Slater, M., Spanlang, B., Sanchez-Vives, M. V., & Blanke, O. (2010). First person experience of body transfer in virtual reality. PLoS One, 5(5), e10564. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010564
Smeets, M. A., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2001). Hemispheric differences in body image in anorexia nervosa. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29(4), 409-416. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.1037
Strauß, B., & Appelt, H. (1983). Ein Fragebogen zur Beurteilung des eigenen Körpers. Diagnostica, 29, 145-164.
Suchan, B., Bauser, D. S., Busch, M., Schulte, D., Grönemeyer, D., Herpertz, S., & Vocks, S. (2013). Reduced connectivity between the left fusiform body area and the extrastriate body area in anorexia nervosa is associated with body image distortion. Behavioural Brain Research, 241, 80-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.002
Suchan, B., Busch, M., Schulte, D., Grönemeyer, D., Grönermeyer, D., Herpertz, S., & Vocks, S. (2010). Reduction of gray matter density in the extrastriate body area in women with anorexia nervosa. Behavioural Brain Research, 206(1), 63-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2009.08.035
van Stralen, H. E., van Zandvoort, M. J. E., & Dijkerman, H. C. (2011). The role of self-touch in somatosensory and body representation disorders after stroke. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 366(1581), 3142-3152. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0163
Vocks, S., Busch, M., Grönemeyer, D., Schulte, D., Herpertz, S., & Suchan, B. (2010a). Differential neuronal responses to the self and others in the extrastriate body area and the fusiform body area. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 10(3), 422-429. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.10.3.422
Vocks, S., Busch, M., Grönemeyer, D., Schulte, D., Herpertz, S., & Suchan, B. (2010b). Neural correlates of viewing photographs of one's own body and another woman's body in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: An fMRI study. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience: JPN, 35(3), 163-176. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.090048
Vocks, S., Busch, M., Schulte, D., Grönermeyer, D., Herpertz, S., & Suchan, B. (2010). Effects of body image therapy on the activation of the extrastriate body area in anorexia nervosa: An fMRI study. Psychiatry Research, 183(2), 114-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.05.011
Vocks, S., Schulte, D., Busch, M., Grönemeyer, D., Herpertz, S., & Suchan, B. (2011). Changes in neuronal correlates of body image processing by means of cognitive-behavioural body image therapy for eating disorders: A randomized controlled fMRI study. Psychological Medicine, 41(8), 1651-1663. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710002382
Warren, W. H., & Whang, S. (1987). Visual guidance of walking through apertures: Body-scaled information for affordances. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 13(3), 371-383. https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-1523.13.3.371
Williamson, D. A., White, M. A., York-Crowe, E., & Stewart, T. M. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral theories of eating disorders. Behavior Modification, 28(6), 711-738. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445503259853
Woodside, B. D., & Staab, R. (2006). Management of psychiatric comorbidity in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. CNS Drugs, 20(8), 655-663. https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200620080-00004
Zipfel, S., Giel, K. E., Bulik, C. M., Hay, P., & Schmidt, U. (2015). Anorexia nervosa: Aetiology, assessment, and treatment. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 2(12), 1099-1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00356-9
Zucker, N. L., Merwin, R. M., Bulik, C. M., Moskovich, A., Wildes, J. E., & Groh, J. (2013). Subjective experience of sensation in anorexia nervosa. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(6), 256-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.01.010