Cutaneous and muscular afferents from the foot and sensory fusion processing: Physiology and pathology in neuropathies.
ageing
balance
central nervous system
cutaneous receptors
diabetes
exercise
foot sole
gait
intrinsic foot muscles
muscle spindles
peripheral neuropathy
reflexes
sarcopenia
Journal
Journal of the peripheral nervous system : JPNS
ISSN: 1529-8027
Titre abrégé: J Peripher Nerv Syst
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 9704532
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
03 2021
03 2021
Historique:
received:
17
11
2020
revised:
30
12
2020
accepted:
30
12
2020
pubmed:
12
1
2021
medline:
6
11
2021
entrez:
11
1
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The foot-sole cutaneous receptors (section 2), their function in stance control (sway minimisation, exploratory role) (2.1), and the modulation of their effects by gait pattern and intended behaviour (2.2) are reviewed. Experimental manipulations (anaesthesia, temperature) (2.3 and 2.4) have shown that information from foot sole has widespread influence on balance. Foot-sole stimulation (2.5) appears to be a promising approach for rehabilitation. Proprioceptive information (3) has a pre-eminent role in balance and gait. Reflex responses to balance perturbations are produced by both leg and foot muscle stretch (3.1) and show complex interactions with skin input at both spinal and supra-spinal levels (3.2), where sensory feedback is modulated by posture, locomotion and vision. Other muscles, notably of neck and trunk, contribute to kinaesthesia and sense of orientation in space (3.3). The effects of age-related decline of afferent input are variable under different foot-contact and visual conditions (3.4). Muscle force diminishes with age and sarcopenia, affecting intrinsic foot muscles relaying relevant feedback (3.5). In neuropathy (4), reduction in cutaneous sensation accompanies the diminished density of viable receptors (4.1). Loss of foot-sole input goes along with large-fibre dysfunction in intrinsic foot muscles. Diabetic patients have an elevated risk of falling, and vision and vestibular compensation strategies may be inadequate (4.2). From Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A disease (4.3) we have become aware of the role of spindle group II fibres and of the anatomical feet conditions in balance control. Lastly (5) we touch on the effects of nerve stimulation onto cortical and spinal excitability, which may participate in plasticity processes, and on exercise interventions to reduce the impact of neuropathy.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
17-34Subventions
Organisme : NINDS NIH HHS
ID : R01 NS110627
Pays : United States
Organisme : NINDS NIH HHS
ID : R01 NS045630
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
© 2021 Peripheral Nerve Society.
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